In order to ensure learning through classical conditioning, the stimulus that causes a behavior
must be known. However, it is not always possible to predict the stimuli that cause human behavior
. People behave in different ways by interacting with various objects in their environment. According to Skinner, there are two types of behavior: reactive and operant. While the stimulus that causes reactive behavior
is always known, the stimulus that causes operant behavior is not very specific.
Reactive behavior: It is created by a known stimulus. For example; meat producing salivation. All
reflexes are an example of reactive behavior. Dilation of the pupil in the dark is a reactive behavior.
Operant behavior: It is not caused by a known stimulus; It is revealed by the organism and
is controlled by its consequences.
In classical conditioning, first there is a stimulus and the organism reacts to it.
(U-T)
Operant In behavior, first the reaction is made, then the stimulus generated by the reaction comes.
(T-U)
In his experiment, Skinner used pressing the lever as an operant behavior. The hungry animal
obtains food by pressing the lever, and the animal that obtains the food continues
the behavior of pressing the lever. As a result of the behavior, a situation that the organism enjoys occurs. For example, when you wear a newly bought
sweater and your friends say "Your sweater is very nice, it suits you very well", your behavior of wearing that sweater
will continue.
As a result of the behavior, a situation that the organism does not like occurs. . If the day you wear your new sweater, a friend you value tells you that it does not suit you, you will not want to wear that sweater. the probability of occurrence increases. Conditioning done by giving a positive stimulus after the behavior is called operant conditioning. In this type of conditioning, stimuli that follow the behavior and create a pleasant effect on the organism, increasing the probability of the behavior (action) occurring are called reinforcers. In other words, reinforced behavior is taught It is learned. Stimuli that follow a behavior and create an unpleasant situation for the organism are punishments. Punishment weakens the behavior or stops it for a certain period of time.
Reinforcers are divided into two: positive and negative.
If a behavior is reinforced by directly giving a stimulus that the organism will like. , this is called
positive reinforcement. Depending on the age of a student who answers a question correctly in class, saying well done, patting his head, giving (+) points, and approving him with a smile are positive reinforcements.
Behavior can also be reinforced by rescuing the organism from an unpleasant situation. This type of reinforcement is called
negative reinforcement. If a student comes to school to escape family fights and problems at home, school is a negative reinforcement for this student. Because by coming to school, the student gets rid of the problems that give him/her pain and becomes comfortable.
Disturbing loud sounds, electric shock, ironing, etc..
Examples of negative reinforcement:
* At the beginning of each lesson, a teacher examines the students orally regarding the topic of the previous lesson. Especially
he selects students who are not studying and asks questions. In order to get rid of this boring situation, students come to every lesson
by studying.
* The device that provides speed recording and control in buses starts to make noise when the speed exceeds 90 km.
Likewise, in new cars, unless the seat belt is fastened. An increasingly loud sound disturbs the driver
. To get rid of this noise, drivers learn to control their speed and fasten their belts. Removing it from the environment after it is done is a negative reinforcer. To get rid of smelly, overly disciplined, noisy, scolding and grumbling environments, asking for the desired behavior to be performed...
It should not be forgotten that both positive and Moreover, negative reinforcement creates a pleasant effect on the organism and increases the likelihood of the behavior reoccurring. Through reinforcers, the individual can learn desired and undesirable behaviors. For this reason, reinforcers should be used very carefully and correct behaviors
should be reinforced. Stimuli that create a negative situation for the organism as a result of a behavior are called
punishments. Punishment, like reinforcement, is of two types. In the first type of punishment, the negative stimulus
is given directly after the behavior. Beating or scolding the child for a behavior... In the second type of punishment, a positive stimulus in the environment is withdrawn from the environment, creating a negative situation for the organism. Withholding love from the child, forbidding going to recess, separating it from friends...
While reinforcement strengthens the behavior, punishment weakens it or stops it for a certain period of time. Punishment is frequently used by teachers and parents because it stops behavior in a short time and is easy to apply.
Punishment can be effective in suppressing unwanted behavior. However, it does not cause a change in behavior.
In other words, it does not change an undesirable behavior in a desired direction.
Another negative aspect of punishment is that it causes aggressive behavior. Negative reinforcement and
punishment are often confused and used interchangeably. However, in negative reinforcement, negative reinforcers are removed from the environment, while in punishment, negative reinforcers are added to the environment. In negative reinforcement,
the probability of the behavior being repeated increases, while punishment stops the behavior.
Premack principle: Grandma's Rules
The most common (preferred) behavior is used as a reinforcer and less frequent behavior is used. An attempt is made to reveal the (unpreferred)
behavior shown. For example, to get a child who does not like to eat vegetables but loves sweets to eat vegetables, you can say, "After you finish your vegetable meal, you can have dessert." It is widely used.
EXAMPLES OF NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
NOTE: In order for this reinforcer to be applied, the organism must be in a negative situation.
Example: If a student comes to school to escape family fights and problems at home, SCHOOL IS A NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT for this
student. Because by coming to school, the student gets rid of the problems that cause him pain and becomes comfortable.
Example: Allowing a child whose shoes are tight on his feet to take off his shoes while being taught walking behavior by his mother increases the probability of him showing walking behavior.
/> Example: When a stuttering student speaks in class, his other friends laugh. (Laughter is a negative situation.)
When the teacher prevents other students from laughing (when the negative situation disappears), the stuttering
student's speaking behavior increases.
Example: A student who reaches a certain score in his homework is given the right not to take one of the exams. Exam
is a negative situation for students. In this way, the exam is eliminated and the student's behavior of doing their homework
is maintained.
EXAMPLES OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Positive Reinforcers: These are stimulants that increase the probability of the behavior being performed when placed in the environment.
Example: Saying 'WELL DONE' to a student who answers a question correctly in class ensures that the student's behavior of answering questions is repeated.
Example: Giving a high score to a student who is studying ensures that his/her studying behavior is repeated.
Example: A student who throws the garbage in the classroom into the trash can gains the teacher's approval.
Example: When a teacher gives chocolate to a child who does his homework, it increases the likelihood of the child repeating this behavior.
Example: Being accepted by adults, getting high grades, A teacher's attention to a student in the classroom,
respecting him, praising him when necessary, making him feel that he cares about him are EXPLAINED by the concept of positive reinforcement...
NOTE: IN CONCLUSION, positive reinforcement is the introduction of a pleasant stimulus into the environment. Increasing the probability of the behavior
occurring. With positive reinforcement, the probability of the behavior occurring increases. ir. Here, the function fulfilled by the chocolate given by the mother to her child is primary reinforcer.
Example: Money, grade, free time, status, smile, plus, star are secondary positive reinforcers. Money does not mean much with its natural
value. It cannot be eaten, worn or drunk, but thanks to the value we attach to a piece of paper, we are able to meet almost every need with money.
Example: A student becomes happy when he gets a star.
↓ ↓
Secondary reinforcer Primary reinforcement
Ex: Buying chocolate with money
↓ ↓
Secondary reinforcer Primary reinforcer.
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