Abstract
In this study, the concept and types of multiple intelligences are discussed. In addition, multiple intelligences and learning methods in children are also mentioned. While intelligence was first evaluated on a single criterion (IQ), it was later evaluated over different types of intelligence. having critical thinking skills. As I mentioned in the study, many scientists stated the following; Intelligence can show differences in different age groups as well as in different areas. For example; Adolescence is a natural period in which physical, emotional and social changes are experienced. In this period, mental resilience such as adapting to life, coping with stress, struggling against life is directly related to high emotional intelligence.
The defense of Multiple Intelligence Theory. ; Cognitive science, developmental psychology, and also neuroscience, making use of individuals' intelligence levels are formed by independent power or abilities. In fact, the increase in intelligence diversity to eight was the result of a study by Howard Gardner in 1997.
Keywords: Intelligence, multiple intelligences, learning, child
Abstract
In this study, the concept of multiple intelligence and its types are discussed and multiple intelligence and learning methods are also discussed for children. While intelligence has been first evaluated on a single criterion (IQ), it has been evaluated over different types of intelligence later.
Although the definition of intelligence is made in different ways, one of the most accepted definitions is that the individual has the skills of problem solving, using logic, analytical and critical thinking skills. As we mentioned in the study, many scientists have stated; Intelligence can show differences in different age groups as well as in different areas of intelligence. For example; The period of adolescence is a natural period in which physical, emotional and social changes are experienced. In this period there is a direct relationship with the high level of emotional intelligence, the ability to adapt to life an d to cope with stress and to fight against life.
Defense of the Multiple Intelligence Theory; Using cognitive science, developmental psychology and neuroscience, each individual's intelligence level is formed by independent powers or abilities and In fact, the emergence of the diversity of intelligence was the result of a study by Howard Gardner in 1997.
Key Words: Intelligence, multiple intelligence, learning, child.
INTRODUCTION
This theory, which was put forward to move the limits of learning and teaching methods determined by society and traditions from written methods to versatility and to develop abilities, made the definition of intelligence reconsider. This theory aims to make various intelligences active and effective rather than internalizing and passive individuals. Howard Gardner, one of the founders of the theory, has conducted research on how students' intelligence develops during the education process, which areas they provide orientation to, and has determined that there are eight different types of intelligence. The development of these intelligence types turns into our potential. It integrates and builds our way of thinking and continues by preserving reality. (Gardner and Hatch, 1989, p.4). This theory, Gardner found, always works together, but the ways of working are different. (Demiray, 2010, p.2). This study has the potential to make a great contribution to the learning in which we are competent. (Altan, 1999, p.108).
Educator Alfred Binet has found the IQ test (IntelegenceQuotient) that will give an idea about a child's intelligence level. IQ, known as traditional intelligence, only provides the measurement of language and mathematical intelligence, and measurements are made by applying numerical intelligence tests; makes classifications of people according to their level. (Yilmaz and Fer, 2003, p.235). On the other hand, according to Lazear, since children's intelligence is at the developmental level, we can use this process to develop programs on intelligence. (Bümen, 2003, p.66).
According to the Multiple Intelligence theory, traditional learning (IQ) and teaching methods are seen as methods that push the student to be a passive individual and lead to rote learning. This method does not change intelligence and cannot progress. acknowledges that you are. (Tuğrul and Duran, 2003, p.225). The new definition of "intelligence" has led to profound changes in the field of education. Because this theory; It aimed to take into account not only the scores of children and students from the tests, but also their abilities in different fields. However, education has been carried out for years to develop “verbal-numerical intelligence” (Karagüven, 2018, p. 3). correlates with high resilience and high emotional intelligence. (Ergun 2016). As our cognitive capacity is too broad, it has emerged according to research that combines most symbol systems with our cultural skills. (Talu, 1999, p.165).
When we look at adults, there are starting points for understanding some adult learning theories: (a) Knowledge to distinguish how adult learners construct, (b) Helping others to learn. (c) Classroom experience by developing and applying strategies to transform. (Wilson, 2018, p.128).
Gardner says that much of the attention of culture and schools is focused on linguistic and mathematical intelligence. Gardner says we should pay equal attention to individuals who show gifts in other intelligences: artists, architects, naturalists, designers, dancers, therapists, and those who enrich the world we live in. (Armstrong, 2018, p.6). It is foreseen that each person needs to learn in different styles and styles, and appropriate learning techniques should be offered for this. (Köksal, 2006, p.474). These types of intelligence are described below.
1.1 Linguistic Intelligence
Linguistic competence is actually an intellectual competence that seems to be the most widely and most democratically shared among the human species. Teaching and learning takes place through language. Language not only initiates developments in a new scientific sense, but also offers us important metaphors in explaining it. Language is its potential to explain its actions and is at the very top of human intelligences. To the extent that language is seen as a visual tool It is closer to the field of spatial intelligence (Gardner, 2010).
1.2 Mathematical Intelligence
Being able to solve math questions, deal with logical concepts, make comparisons and classifications, is a feature (Sivrikaya, 2010, p.124). Scientific thinking includes the ability to evaluate data, be objective, make judgments, and form hypotheses. (Güleryüz, 2008, p.158).
1.3 Spatial Intelligence
Spatial intelligence; It is the ability to think with pictures, images, shapes, and to perceive three-dimensional objects (Sivrikaya, 2010, p.125). It is very important to make perception, change and transformations at the core of spatial intelligence. (Gardner, 2010).
1.4 Musical Intelligence
The ability to understand and present music, to use music as a tool, to be sensitive to rhythms and melodies is "musical intelligence" (Guleryuz, 2010). 2008, p. 158). Musical intelligence is the individual's sensitivity to the rhythm, loudness and melody of the voice (Karagüven, 2018, p.6). From a neurological point of view, it is stated that musical intelligence is the first to develop among intelligence types. It is said that the effect of music, sound, vibration and rhythm is stronger than any other type of intelligence. (Basaran, 2004, p.10).
1.5 Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
To be able to express human beings, to establish coordination in the brain and body with gestures, mimics and movements "bodily-kinesthetic" is the field of intelligence (Sivrikaya, 2010, p.125). These individuals are people who can easily practice sportive movements and regular rhythmic games (Güleryüz, 2008, p.158). They are also known as individuals with features such as using the body effectively, dancing and being sensitive to coordinating the body, and establishing mind and body connections. (Yılmaz and Fer, 2003, p.236).
1.6 Social Intelligence
Social intelligence; division of labor, verbal and nonverbal communication, forming groups, trying to understand people's feelings, thoughts and behaviors, trying to interpret and trying to persuade people (Sivrikaya, 2010, p.125). Another feature of this intelligence is that it is attentive to the spiritual variability of the people around it and this spirit They are children who are sensitive to situations. (Basaran, 2004, p.11).
1.7 Introspective Intelligence
The ability of a person to evaluate his/her emotional reaction level, thinking process, self-evaluation and create some goals related to himself/herself is “self-directed intelligence”. is the theory of 'intelligence' (Sivrikaya, 2010, p.125). A sense of independence is the ability to understand one's own feelings or reactions and to express them to others. (Yılmaz & Fer, 2003, p.237).
1.8 Natural Intelligence
The last intelligence area added later is called “natural intelligence”. People with this intelligence area have interests such as natural resources, nature, environmental cleaning, protecting plants and animals (Güleryüz, 2008, p.158). It is stated that this type of intelligence is directly related to perceiving, liking and understanding the surrounding natural world (Başaran, 2004, p.12).
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Traditional education system is based on the concept of verbal and numerical intelligence, other intelligence areas are ignored, and education based on one-way intelligence is used. limits mental development. In addition, as a measure of intelligence, paper and pencil tests such as IQ tests and exam scores are discussed. In this case, negative adjectives can be attributed to these students by ignoring the other abilities of students who are not developed in verbal and numerical fields. However, it should be known that students have other abilities that they can develop. It is thought that each child can learn in different ways in the learning that is done in the same or similar ways, that the student will find himself and his limit only in this way, and that it can contribute to the creation of a peaceful and healthy environment. Most of the other students will feel incomplete if we put forward the intelligence of only one competence, especially only the standard people .
The human intelligence field is very wide and it is more comprehensive than we accept when we want to enter this intelligence field. and a universal competence should be included in the framework. Considering the differences of individuals
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