Hernia
It is a tear in the abdominal wall and the protrusion of the intra-abdominal organs from the abdominal wall under the skin through this tear. In our country, 80,000 people undergo surgery every year due to abdominal wall hernias. The most important problem for this disease is the recurrence of the disease. The most important step required to prevent this situation is the most appropriate operation option for the patient.
FIBROADENOM
It is the most common benign tumor of the breast. Fibroadenomas are well-circumscribed, mobile, painless masses. Most of the time, radiological appearance is sufficient to make the diagnosis. In case of radiological or clinical suspicion, diagnosis is made by needle biopsy or surgical biopsy. If the patient's close relatives have cancer
, if the fibroadenoma is large in size, if growth or shape change is detected during follow-up, if it causes deformity that creates an aesthetic defect in the breast and if the patient does not want to follow-up
it is surgically removed. Apart from this, in cases where biopsy is not required, it is recommended to follow the mass with ultrasonography every 3 to 6 months for at least 2 years, and if growth or shape change is detected during follow-up, it is recommended to remove it surgically.
Mastitis
It is usually seen in breastfeeding women. It is characterized by redness, swelling and warmth in the breast. The most common agent is S. Aureus. There is no need to interrupt breastfeeding. Most of the time there is a good response to treatment. If abscess occurs, surgical drainage is required.
Breast Cancer Screening
Starting from the age of 20, every woman should perform a breast self-examination once a month. From this
age, a doctor should be examined every 2-3 years. A medical examination should be performed once a year
after the age of 40. Since the breast tissue is dense and the evaluation success of mammography decreases under the average age of 40, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used in people with a family history of breast cancer or in people with young and dense breast structure in the high-risk group. It starts at age and is applied once a year. Other radiological examinations
can be added to mammography if clinical or radiological necessity. A baseline mammogram may be taken beforehand for comparison purposes. Mammogram once a year
is low. Since the risk of breast cancer increases with age, it is recommended to continue screening as long as the person can come to the screening
center.
Intraductal papilloma
Intraductal papilloma occurs within the milk ducts in the breast and is often seen in the nipple area. These are lesions characterized by bloody
discharge. It is usually benign, but there may be accompanying malignant lesions in the breast, especially in peripheral
and multiple ones. In cases of clinical/radiological suspicion
and when nipple bleeding becomes annoying, it should be surgically removed.
Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is located in front of the trachea, under the cartilage called the Adam's apple.
Its weight is 20 grams on average. It is larger and heavier in women and pregnant women. Its shape resembles a butterfly
. It consists of right and left lobes. The structure connecting the two lobes is called isthmus. Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and calcitonin are produced in the thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones affect almost all systems in the body and are important for the brain and skeletal development of the unborn baby. It increases oxygen consumption, metabolic rate and heat production. It increases the heart rate and the amount of blood pumped from the heart to the body. It increases digestive system motility. Increases bone and protein turnover. It is effective on the breakdown of nutrients in the liver.
Goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland for any reason is called goiter. Goiters can be single or multiple nodules.
The most common cause of goiters is insufficient thyroid hormone synthesis and in our country, it is mostly due to iodine deficiency.
Familial causes, endemic causes (iodine deficiency), thyroiditis-related, medication-related, tumor-related, etc. It may develop for various reasons. The most common symptom is swelling in the neck. Thyroid
function tests are mostly normal. Since there is a risk of developing carcinoma in 5-10% of multinodular goiters, fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is recommended in patients with growing painful nodules. Presence of pressure symptoms (such as hoarseness, shortness of breath, difficulty in swallowing), growth despite thyroxine
treatment, growth into the rib cage, cancer or suspicion of cancer, etc. Surgery is recommended in cases ir.
Thyroid nodules
Most thyroid nodules are benign and are frequently encountered. Its incidence increases with age.
They are more common in women. The patient's history, clinical findings, physical examination, imaging and diagnostic methods are important in determining the treatment. In the physical examination of the patient, single, hard,
nodules with irregular surfaces and fixed (adherent) to the trachea and surrounding muscles are more likely to be cancer. Ultrasonography is useful in detecting thyroid nodules, determining their size, differentiating cystic solid nodules, determining the enlargement of adjacent lymph nodes, and monitoring the size of lesions diagnosed as benign nodules by fine needle aspiration biopsy. The size of the nodules, their growth rate, and the results of the biopsy are the determining factors in deciding on surgery.
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