When we look at the groups that are closely interested in sleep disorders in Europe, we observed that there were apneas in sleep without being aware of each other; Tassinari, Gastaut and Duron working in France, Jung and Kuhlo working in Germany published their results in 1965 (Kaynak, 2011). and for what reasons it exists, it has attracted the attention of scientists. As a biological factor, sleep is the state of making the biological norms suitable for all levels by reviewing the biological structure in the formation of neural pathways, in which the intercellular process states are activated by the effect of genes, the task and function that controls its own system, and the cognitive activities as behaviors. Carlson, 2013).
Sleep is a state experienced for many animal species. For many years, the effect of sleep on living species has been studied by scientists and is still being researched. Research on sleep is observed in sleep centers or in sleep laboratories in some universities. Revitalizing theories suggest that regeneration and repairs are significant in sleep, and the evolutionary point of view has suggested that sleep is an adaptive activity that ensures viability gained over time (İtil, 2011). devices must be used. Some of these are: EEG (Electroencephalography), EMG (Electromyogram), EOG (Electro-occulogram) devices (Carlson, 2013). These electronic devices are necessary to follow the electrical waves (EEG) coming from the brain, eye (EOG) and muscle movements (EMG). In addition to these, devices that monitor the level of communication in the skin ((Skin Conductance), heart rate and breathing level are also used in research on sleep. The person to be researched is requested to come to the laboratory mostly at night. The benefit of this situation is that sleep can be normalized. / allows the examination of its closest nature to EEG electrodes A is placed in certain parts in contact with the skin (Carlson, 2013). For this reason, based on effective data and analyzes on the microbiology of dreams and sleep, research on these words has increased its importance even more by using the keywords "sleep, neurobiology, memory, synaptic plasticity" in theses and articles published in recent years (Carlson, 2013). ).
In humans, the sleep process takes place in four main stages, three parts of non-REM sleep and REM sleep. These parts can vary in terms of the pattern of brain waves.
By the end of the first three phases, brain waves gradually slow down and allow the REM sleep, the deepest sleep, to begin (Hobson, 2004). It is possible to list the four basic sleep stages and their characteristics mentioned here as follows
Stage1
This is a stage that we can count between sleep and wakefulness. When a normal person is awake, two different wave patterns can be observed in his brain. These are: Alpha and Beta Activities (Carlson, 2004).
This wave pattern, which is called alpha activity, manifests itself in the form of a pattern where the person is not cognitively engaged, for example, working at work, solving problems, or not being exposed to stimuli, that is, in a state of rest. It is observed that this fluctuation pattern comes regularly and is at a medium frequency (between 8 Hz and 12 Hz) (Pace-Schott et. al. 2003). During this activity, irregularity is seen in the brain waves and it manifests itself in the form of low frequency (13-30 Hz).
The brain of the individual in the 1st stage of sleep is 3,5-7.5 Hz. Theta started its activity by producing the wavelengths measured between This episode lasts for roughly ten minutes. At the end of this process, the individual transitions to the 2nd sleep stage (Pace-Schott et. al. 2003).
2nd Stage
EEG transcripts Theta fluctuations, sudden fluctuations (Sleep Spindles/Sleep Spindles) and increments per second (K-complex) are observed in the brain waves of the individual in the 2nd sleep stage. The state of brain waves, which are defined as Sleep Spindles, fluctuate with a shocking effect between two and five per minute and the wavelength is adopted as twelve to fourteen Hertz (Carlson, 2004).
K-Complex is the second observed in the face of a sudden sound. It is an ongoing increase. In their MRI experiments, Czisch et al. revealed that the function of the K-Complex is enhanced by preventing the individual's sleep fragmentation (Czisch et. al. 2004). If the individual is warned during this period, he will claim that he has not fallen asleep.
3. Stage and Stage 4
It is quite challenging to distinguish between these two stages. The third stage of non-REM sleep is considered intermediate to deep sleep. The fourth stage is the last and deepest stage among Non-Rem sleep stages (Hobson, 2004).
About fifteen minutes after the second stage, Delta fluctuations initiated by K-Complex waves begin to be seen. When we look at the length of these waves, 3.5Hz. It can be easily seen that it is less than . In this stage, the individual is observed as having entered deep sleep (Hobson, 2004). It may be more difficult to awaken the individual during this process. During this phase, certain events take place in the body.
At this stage, the blood pressure of the individual drops considerably, decreases in breathing rate and relaxation occurs in the muscles (Hobson, 2004). From the first part of sleep until the end of the fourth stage, approximately one hour passes.
Rem Sleep
Brain wave movements recorded with EEG during the REM Sleep period, the individual's awakening They are similar to brain wave movements (Active Sleep). It is nervously active. The brain fluctuation in this universe is low-scale and high-frequency (Carlson, 2004).
A person's eyes move rapidly during REM sleep. This universe is your name I take it from this situation (Hobson, 2004). This phase is the phase in which the person dreams. Many scientists suggest that rapid eye movement at this stage is due to dreaming. The muscles in the body become paralyzed and therefore the data provided by the EMG device seems rather stagnant (Hobson, 2004). 2004). During the sleep process, this sleep cycle lasts for about ninety minutes, of which about twenty minutes is REM sleep. From here, it would not be wrong to say that the person repeats this sleep cycle four to five times during an eight-hour uninterrupted sleep. Here, when an awakening occurs, these cycles start all over again (Pace-Schott et. al. 2003).
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