The process of taking a cell or tissue piece from any part of the body to examine it under a microscope and/or perform various tests to make a diagnosis is called biopsy. It is derived from the Greek words -bios, "life" and -opsis, "to look".
The first biopsy was performed by Ebul Kasım in the 11th century as the evaluation of the material taken with a needle from a thyroid nodule (goiter). has changed. However, it is interesting that, despite the passage of 1000 years, needle biopsy is still an indispensable method in thyroid nodules.
Until recently, open surgical methods have been widely used to remove parts from body tissues and are still being used. However, with the development of imaging methods in recent years, some of the open biopsies have been replaced by biopsies performed using various needles.
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB or FNAB)
Various radiological imaging methods ( It is the process of collecting cells with the help of a needle sent into the mass or organ to be biopsied under the guidance of ultrasound, tomography, mammography, MRI). It is one of the most used biopsy methods today. It is used very frequently, especially for masses close to the body surface and those performed under ultrasound guidance (such as breast masses, thyroid gland nodules). It usually does not require anesthesia, the patient can return to daily life immediately after the biopsy, and the examination of the cells taken can be completed in a very short time. It has disadvantages such as not being able to take a biopsy from the right place or the material taken being insufficient for diagnosis.
Core (core) Biopsy, Cutting or Thick Needle Biopsy
Various radiological imaging methods (ultrasound). It is the process of removing tissue with the help of a cutting needle sent into the mass or organ to be biopsied under the guidance of (e.g., tomography, mammography, MRI). Special biopsy guns are used for this biopsy. It is usually done with local anesthesia (regional numbing). The patient can return to daily life immediately after the biopsy. Since the amount of tissue taken is more than fine needle biopsy, pathological examination can be performed in more detail. There is almost no possibility of receiving insufficient material. However, taking a tissue sample from the wrong place The possibility also exists in this type of biopsy. Since the needle used is thicker and cutting, complications such as bleeding and perforation are more likely to occur compared to fine needle biopsy, depending on the characteristics of the applied tissue.
Open (surgical) biopsy
It is the process of a surgical specialist reaching the mass or organ to be biopsied and removing the part to be examined surgically. It can be done under local or general anesthesia. Since the sample is taken visually, there is almost no possibility of taking a wrong sample or insufficient sample. Pathological examination can be performed in full detail. Open biopsy is preferred in the following cases:
- In masses that cannot be reached or seen with imaging methods
- In cases where needle biopsies would be risky
- According to the results of the biopsy, the operation (surgery) In cases where there is a possibility of persistence (frozen)
- In case the mass is noticed during another surgical operation
- In cases where technical possibilities do not allow needle biopsies
- A needle biopsy has been performed before and the diagnosis is made. in impossible situations.
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