Treatment
Purpose: Tumor eradication
1. Macroscopic
2. Microscopic
3. Molecular, biological
Local/regional (Regional) )
- Surgery
- Radiotherapy
Systemic
- Medicine
- Hormone
- Targeted treatments
Cancer Treatment
- Surgery
- Radiation therapy (Radiotherapy)
- Chemotherapy
- Immunotherapy
- Targeted treatments
In cancer treatment, the treatment most often involves removing the mass. .That is, it is surgically removed. The aim is to leave minimal cancer cells behind.
In surgical treatment, the organ where the mass is located is removed. e.g. In breast cancer, the chest and underlying structures are removed along with the lymph nodes.
There are three main approaches in curative cancer treatment:
- Surgery is the main treatment modality in the treatment of cancers in 50% of cases.
- Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy follow this:
+ Targeted treatments. Its importance is increasing. The future of cancer treatment lies in these treatments.
+ Immunotherapy, that is, treatments aimed at the immune system, have begun to be used with decreasing intensity.
While chemotherapy and radiotherapy used in cancer treatment kill cancer cells, they inevitably cause side effects in the tissues. DNA production, growth and development are disrupted. It is teratogenic. It may cause secondary malignancies.
Cancer treatment may also affect normal tissue cells. The normal cells that may be most affected are those that divide rapidly (e.g., bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive tract, and hair follicle cells). These cells usually regenerate shortly after treatment.
TREATMENT DIRECTED TO CURE
Frequently: For Loco-regional Disease, for example,
- We use Surgery, Ray, Chemo+Ray.
- Localized colon Ca– Chemo
- Localized Larynx Ca- Beam
Sometimes: In systemic disease, for example,
- Chemo?Surgical?Beam
- Diffuse Testicular Cancer
- Common Choriocarcinoma
- Some Pediatric Tumors
COMPLAINMENT-DIRECTED/PALLIATIVE TREATMENT
- Temporary reduction of the disease Treatment of symptoms and complaints
- Prevention of Specific Symptoms
Colon Cancer -> Obstr. -> Non-Curative res.By-pass C
3- Treatment of Symptoms
a- Pain (Medication, Ray, Chemo)
b- Opening the tubular organs
Esophagus: Ray, Laser, Tube- Stent
Bronchi : Beam, Laser
Urethra : Beam
4- Support
Antiemetic
Antibiotic
Transfusion
SURGERY
PURPOSE
- Complete removal of tumor and (+) or possible lymphatic disease.
- Subsequent border examination:
1.Histological
2.Molecular
1. Excision; small margin
Well diff., clearly circumscribed tumors
Basal cell skin ca
2. Excision; wide margin
Extensive removal of surrounding normal tissue
Anatomical Location (Head-Neck tm: 0.5cm.)
(Extremity H: 3.5 cm.)
3. En-bloc resection
Primary tm+regional lymph nodes together
/> 4. Lymph node dissection
RADIOTHERAPY
PURPOSE
To destroy tumor cells by protecting normal tissues, especially vital organs, from radiation toxicity.
1. External (Rady. source outside the patient)
2. Internal (Radi. source inside the patient)
A. Intracavitary
B. Interstitial
&nb sp; 3. External+Internal
FRACTIONATION
Dividing the dose into fractions and administering it,
normal tissues repairing themselves in the meantime
Conventional (Standard) Fractionation
1.8-2 Gy/Fr/Day , 5Fr/Week
Different Fractionation
Hyper
Hypo
Accelerated
- Hormone
- Cytostatic drug
- Biological response modifier (Immunotherapy)< br /> - Targeted therapies (Small molecules, antibodies)
CLINICAL STUDIES
Phase I : Drug dose and toxicity
Phase II : Tumor type responding to treatment
Phase III : Effect of treatment on the natural course of the disease
Comparison with standard treatment used
Chemotherapy
Antineoplastic agents:
- Alkylating agents
- Antimetabolites
- Natural compounds
- Hormone and hormone anatagonists
- Molecular targeted drugs
- Biological response modulators
Side Effects of Chemotherapy
- Mucositis
- Nausea/ Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Cystitis
- Sterility
- Myalgia
- Neuropathy
- Alopecia
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- Cardiotoxicity
- Local reaction
- Renal failure
- Myelosuppression
- Phlebitis
Gastrointestinal toxicity:
- Nausea and vomiting are common chemotherapy side effects.
- Diarrhea and mucositis are among the common chemotherapy side effects.
Renal toxicity:
- Chemotherapy, which is toxic to every cell, is also toxic to kidney cells.
- Therefore, there is plenty of chemotherapy during treatment. hydration is required.
Cardiotoxicity:
All chemotherapeutics are toxic to the heart muscle and can impair heart function.
Pulmonary toxicity:
Chemotherapy is toxic to the lung and can impair lung function. may cause the bee to deteriorate.
Neuropathy
Chemotherapy is also toxic to the nervous system and brain.
Other
Hair loss, sores in the mouth, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, bleeding and infection. It is among the side effects and toxic reactions such as.
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