While trying to define the concept of self, the social environment of the individual and the individuals who are very important for the child; The influence of parents, other siblings, and friends is great. The self-concept, which is compatible with the image that the child reflects on himself, is first revealed by learning from the child's parents, other siblings and friends. The mentioned learning process starts with infancy and continues after. For the first time, the child develops his/her self-concept in the family environment. In the family, the first people who can set an example for the child are the parents. If the child has been able to maintain a positive relationship with his parents, he can become aware of his own abilities. He develops the abilities he realizes and can reach positive thoughts about himself in this way. If the relationship with the parents is established in a negative way, it may be thought that the child's self-development will not be at a sufficient level, since the child will always be in the position of being blocked (Act. Ersanlı, 1991). It can be seen that various factors that can and cannot be controlled in parents and children are effective despite the concept of self-esteem. While factors such as age, gender, race, social and economic level, inherited gene structure and being healthy are not within the control of the child, the variability of factors such as the environment of the house he lives in, the relationship with his parents, parental attitudes and peer and friend relations is more. All these factors should be examined under the risk of low self-esteem in the child (Cited by Dalgas, 2006). It is very valuable in opposing attitudes that encourage oppression and crime by the people. Low-level self-esteem causes inadequate health, smoking and various substance use, low academic proficiency, depression, and abnormal social behavior such as suicide attempts. In addition to all these, high self-esteem It leads to increase in success, adequate health level and constructive behavior. As a result of many researches, it can be supported that the level of self-esteem leads to an increase in motivation for qualified behaviors that will continue to lead a more successful life and to be healthy (Cited by Dalgas, 2006). The definition of family is important in the emergence of the self. In the adolescence period, which is one of the developmental periods, people who internally perceive the value of sociality and family begin to set standards and base their evaluations on the standards they have created. People in adolescence evaluate themselves in terms of their physicality, abilities and superiority. Factors such as being attached to one's family, acquiring feelings of competence or inadequacy in terms of academia, adaptation to the social environment, career and educational goals are effective in the emergence of an individual's opinions about himself (Cited by Offer et al., 1992).
As the adolescent becomes more aware of his own characteristics over time, the emergence of self-perception accelerates (Cited by Demiriz, Oğretir, 2007). Kuzgun (1985) revealed in his research that the democratic nature of the relationship between the parent and the adolescent supports closeness and identification, and that the adolescent individual can develop self-perceptions that are effective in being self-confident, adaptable, creative and organized people.
The family emerges as the smallest institution that undertakes the duties of providing the care that the child needs in order to continue a healthy and happy life in terms of mental and physical health, and protecting the rights of the individual to live and grow up in an environment where they are loved. Despite their important duties regarding the development of the child's personality, protection of the child and providing the necessary support and attention, parents sometimes fail to create the ideal environment (Cited by Polat, 2001).
While it is about the opportunities offered to the individual, growing up as a person who can stand on his own feet, meet his own needs, have a high level of self-esteem, and have a satisfied personality; close and conscious child-parent eyn interaction contributes positively to self-concept. This is because children see their parents as role models and individuals to identify with; The fact that parental behaviors in the first years of childhood play a very important role in the emergence of the basic characteristics of children (Cited by Gürsoy, Çoşkun, 2006; Erkan, 2011; Berk, 2012, 2013). The behavior of parents towards their children is as valuable as the factor of heredity, and children raised by parents who have love, allow curiosity, are regular in education, and allow the child to overcome their own problems, will develop positive thoughts about themselves and perceive themselves as individuals who have reached self-sufficiency (Act. Güler, 2009). ).
The level of communication and interaction established within the family is considered very important, especially in the psychological development of the adolescent individual. While authoritarian families generally see the adolescent as a whole of child identity, parents in democratic families; They perceive the adolescent as an individual who is growing and constantly developing. They see the mistakes and truths of the adolescent individual as phenomena that have emerged as a result of his/her responsibility and being a person (Act. Öncü, 1992). As parents become authoritarian towards their children, they can use strict discipline and punishment against them. The authoritarian approach is also effective in the decrease in the self-esteem of the child and the formation of an anxious and neurotic personality. This type of behavior causes children to be dependent on their environment, to have less self-confidence, to use substances, to be close to depressive illnesses and the concept of crime (Cited by Kuzgun, 2005).
Positive results of upbringing styles have been revealed in studies conducted with families with democratic characteristics. Adolescents raised in such families are more successful in academic life, have no difficulty in coping with stress, adapt to the environment, and have higher self-esteem. In this type of upbringing, the child is explained why his or her behavior is wrong or unacceptable, and in this case, the behavior is explained to the child. Different forms of behavior are suggested to be presented as alternatives. Attention is paid to the fact that the punishments are instructive. In this type of upbringing, the concept of parent and what exactly the family is come to the fore, while the adolescent individual acquires the awareness of the concept of being a family. As a result of all these, the adolescent realizes that it is quite possible to make mistakes, makes new attempts and realizes his skills in the trials. An individual's self-confidence develops. This situation affects the developing self-esteem of the individual positively (Act. Adams & Gerald, 2003). It reduces his self-esteem and self-worth. Because, self-esteem develops only by germinating in an environment where the child's thoughts are seen as important, his words are listened to, he receives support from his parents, in other words, he sees himself as a human being valuable. Parents who accept their children as they are, show a supportive attitude towards them and motivate the child, help the child's self-definition to be positive and the development of self-esteem (Act. Yavuzer, 1995). In the researches about the self-concept, the self-concept level of the students who perceive the attitudes of their parents as democratic; It has been observed that the parents are at a higher level than those who are overprotective, indifferent and perceiving authoritarianism (Cited by Kaya, 1988). In particular, authoritarian and disinterested attitudes towards children cause the child's self-concept development to be negatively affected. Constantly exhibiting critical behaviors against the child prevents the development of self-esteem and causes the child to develop a sense of inferiority (Act. Morgan, 1984). The repulsive attitudes of the parents towards their children cause the child to see his/her self as worthless (Act. Geçtan, 1986). Regardless of which individuals the families come from, these individuals; some funding, such as supporting and improving their social, economic and emotional progress. It has functions. While trying to realize all these, the family exhibits a systematic work, and communicates with the sub-systems, revealing a lively institution characteristic (Cited by Gladding, 2011). The people in the family as a whole are in a relationship with each other and with the whole family. For this reason, the actions of people inside or outside the family structure have effects on the members of the family structure and the whole family structure. It is not possible to keep the child factor separate from this institution and try to make sense of it separately from the family (Cited by Gladding, 2011). For all these reasons, the family structure cannot be left in the background while trying to measure whether the child is emotionally and socially adaptable. level cannot be reached. The reason for this is that the factors affecting human movements are related and related to each other (Duru, 2008). It has been observed that children who develop in democratic and relevant environments are more active, entrepreneurial, able to put forward creative thoughts, have the ability to express their thoughts easily, and have the ability to self-control at earlier ages compared to their peers. On the contrary, it has been observed that children who are exposed to a strict order or who develop by encountering inconsistencies and changes in their education methods, have difficulties in trying to make their own existence accepted by various methods such as experiencing difficult situations and exhibiting aggressive behaviors, and have problems in explaining the world within them (Act. Yavuzer, 2006).
In one of the studies examining the factors affecting the self-concept, it was observed that the behavioral control perceived by the child by the mother increased the ability to control the behavior of the adolescent as well. However, it has been observed that psychological control negatively affects self-concept (as cited in Kındap et al. 2008).
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