1. All processes of speech are affected. (phonation, respiration, prosody, articulation) 2. There is a change in muscle tone secondary to neurogenic influence. This makes voluntary and involuntary motor functions difficult. (swallowing, chewing, licking)
3. speech errors are caused by the impairment of muscle control of the central and peripheral nervous system.
4. speech errors are consistent and predictable. Properly articulated speech is never found.
5. Pronunciation errors are mainly distortions and omissions.
6. Consonants are consistently bad. Vowels may be neutral.
7. speech rate is slow or labored: tension, tension, and inadequate respiratory support are evident. As speech rate increases, speech intelligibility often decreases.
8. As word confusion increases, pronunciation also deteriorates.
APRAXIA OF SPEECH
1. The articulatory part of speech is primarily affected. Prosody may be normal.
2. There is a change in the motor programming of speech secondary to neurogenic influence. However, muscle tone was not affected. Involuntary motor functions are typically unaffected.
3. speech errors result from impairment in the message from the motor cortex to the oral muscles.
4. speech errors are inconsistent and unexpected. There are well-articulated speeches.
5. Articulation errors are basically re-addition, substitution, extension and deletion (at least). When we look at the error pattern, the target phoneme is erroneously produced as a sound similar to the target sound. Errors are often perseverative and predictable.
6. Consonants are more difficult to produce than vowels. Consonant clusters are more difficult to produce than single vowels. Frictional and semi-frictional are the most difficult. Errors increase as the complexity of the motor task increases.
7. prosodic disorder may occur as a result of compensatory behaviors. (stopping, starting again and starting phonation and difficulty in correct pronunciation positions)
8. The intelligibility of speech sometimes increases when the speaking rate increases.
9. As word confusion increases, pronunciation also deteriorates.
APRAXIA OF SPEECH (continued)
1. Pronunciation deteriorates as the word complexity in speech increases.
2. Pronunciation disorder is seen in both vowels and consonants. consonant cluster There are more errors in vowels than in single consonants. Vowels are pronounced with fewer errors than consonants.
3. word-initial sounds are more affected by intra-word and word-final sounds.
4. errors are more common in less frequently used sounds.
5. substituted sound additions , audio removals, distortions and additions can all be seen. The most frequently observed are substitution and subtraction.
6. As the complexity of the target word, word or sentence increases, pronunciation errors and effort behavior increase.
7. Speech production varies. Someone with apraxia of speech may produce a sound, syllable, or word in one situation but produce it incorrectly at another time. More than one different, incorrect pronunciation may be observed for the same target sound.
8. striving behavior (groping) is observed in most individuals with apraxia of speech.
9. automatic speech activities (days of the week, 1 -count to 10) is easier and less error-prone than voluntary speech. Reactive speech (thank you, I'm fine) is easier for those with apraxia.
10. Metathetic errors (sound-syllable transposition) are common. Kitap-kipat ….
11. syllable collisions may occur. (It is not common in the literature.). The person reduces the number of syllables or distorts the syllables. (in words or utterances that are difficult to pronounce motorically.)
12. Receptive language skills are often, but not always, above expressive language skills. But language skills differ from apraxia.
13. People with apraxia are usually aware of their incorrect pronunciations. In addition, they can do what they do right or wrong without the feedback of the clinician.
14. Apraxia of speech can be seen together with other communication disorders or isolated. (dysarthria, delayed speech, language development delay, aphasia and hearing loss)
15. oral and limb apraxia may occur together with verbal apraxia. Observations show that someone with oral apraxia also has verbal apraxia. Its severity may vary, there are those who cannot produce a single vowel. Only those who have difficulty with complex sentences.
Evaluating right hemisphere syndrome
Perceptual and attention disorders:
1. left visual field neglect
2. difficulty in recognizing faces (prosapagnosia)
3. difficulty in structural tasks
4. sudden severe can give answers, can be distracted
5. pays excessive attention to irrelevant information
6. denial of error
Mood disorders:
1. difficulty in expressing emotions
2. difficulty in understanding the emotions of others
3. depression
4. obvious lack of motivation
Communication disorders:
1. difficulty remembering words
2. impaired auditory comprehension
3. reading and writing disorders
4. impaired speech prosody
5. pragmatic difficulties
6. dysarthria
Cognitive disorders:
1. disorientation
2. impaired attention
3. difficulties remembering
4. poor ability to integrate information
5. difficulty with logic, causality, planning, and problem solving
6. understanding making judgments disorder
7. difficulty understanding jokes
RIGHT HEMISPHERE SYNDROME
1. mild problems in naming, fluency, auditory comprehension, reading and writing
2. neglect of the left side
3. denial of the disease
4. speech is often unrelated, excessive and jumps from topic to topic
5 .lack of emotion
6. inability to recognize familiar faces
7. rotational drawing and neglect of the left part of space
8. obvious prosodic disorder
9. inappropriate jokes
10. unnecessary , can tell isolated details (cannot be integrated)
11. understands only the meaning of words
12. pragmatic disorders are common (eye contact, following the subject..)
13. has good language skills but poor communication skills.
br /> 14. pure linguistic disorders are not dominant.
APHASIS
1. Significant and dominant problem in naming, fluency, auditory comprehension, reading and writing
2. there is no neglect of the left side.
3. there is no denial of the disease.
4. speech is generally related to the topic.
5. emotion is usually normal.
6. recognition of familiar faces is intact.
7. there is simplicity in drawing.
8. there is less pronounced prosodic distortion.
9. there is an appropriate sense of humor .
10. can tell most of a story.
11. can understand implied meanings.
12. pragmatic impairment is less problematic
13. communication is often good despite limited language skills.
14. pure linguistic disorders predominate.
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
1. inconsistency
2. attention problem
3. impaired memory
4. impaired language
5. distortion in time and space
6. poor organization
7. impaired causality
8. decreased writing or drawing skills
9. anomia
10. restlessness, restlessness
11. irritability, irritability
12. easily distracted
13. frequent frustration and anxiety
14. aggressive behavior
15. inappropriate inconsistent responses
16. disturbance in taste and smell
17. poor judgment
18. inability to control emotions
19. denial of the disease
20. inadequate self-care
DEMENTIA
Early stage dementia
Slow, insidious onset, mild memory loss, word finding problems , insufficient attention span, disorientation, causality and judgment problems, difficulty with abstract concepts, sometimes contentless speech, solid articulation and phonological skills, writing and reading mechanics are preserved, meaning may be impaired, anxiety, depression, agitation and apathy (lack of emotion) may occur, disorders apathetic, low awareness
Mid-term dementia
Increasing memory loss, forgetting the names of loved ones, not even being able to remember one's own name, increased word finding problems, decreased orientation, speech without content, inadequate topic tracking, preserved automatic speech, intact speech articulation, phonological skills, intact syntactic skills, writing and reading skills mechanically intact, meaning impaired, searching, wandering, unable to meet own needs, unable to perform complex tasks such as chewing or lip sucking perseverative behaviors.
Later-stage dementia
Extremely impaired memory, severely impaired verbal skills, speech meaningless or absent, inability to participate in social interaction, physical debility, aimless wandering, restlessness and agitation, Explosions of violence (may occur), the individual is completely dependent on daily life activities.
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