1. Verbal expression disorder (spoken language disorder, developmental expressive aphasia)
In this disorder, the number of words used is very limited, errors are made in grammatical tense selection, and it is difficult to remember or remember words. Depending on its development, symptoms such as difficulty in constructing sentences of appropriate length and complexity are observed. Generally, the child's verbal expression difficulties are at a level that impairs school success, professional success or social communication. These children have no problems with their intelligence, hearing, or social-sensory relationships. Their understanding of other people's speech is at the level expected for their age. It is the most common communication disorder in preschool children.
Verbal expression development is delayed in 10-17% of children under the age of 3. This condition is more common in boys and there is a genetic predisposition.
2. Mixed language perception-verbal expression disorder
In addition to the symptoms of verbal expression disorder in children, There are difficulties in understanding sentences or some concepts. There may also be deficiencies in hearing skills such as distinguishing sounds, noticing rapid sound changes, combining sounds and symbols, and remembering the order of sounds. It is seen at a rate of 3-5% in childhood.
It is generally thought that these two disorders are a continuation of each other. According to this view; It is suggested that verbal expression disorder shares similar basic problems with mixed language perception-verbal expression disorder, but is a less severe form. Sometimes the term 'specific language disorder' is used instead of these two disorders.
3. Phonological disorder (articulation disorder)
Developmental, appropriate to the age and dialect of the child. Situations such as not being able to make the speech sounds they are expected to make (e.g. not being able to make the R sound), saying another sound instead of one sound (e.g. saying the t sound instead of K), not being able to say the final consonant are called phonological disorders. Generally, difficulties in making speech sounds are at a level that disrupts school success, professional success or social communication. The most frequently mistaken sounds in phonological disorders are 'ı,r,s,z,t,ç'. phonological disorder The severity of the pain may gradually decrease or resolve completely until the age of 8-9.
4.Stuttering
Stuttering, stammering in the flow of speech, repeating a word or sound , prolongation of the voice, pauses that disrupt the rhythmic flow of speech, exclamations, fragmentation of words (e.g. pauses within a word), audible or silent blocks (pauses that may or may not be filled during speech), circumlocution (this is used to avoid words that are problematic to say). It can be defined as using other words instead of words), saying words with extreme physical tension.
It usually starts between the ages of 2-7 and is 4-5 times more common in men. Its lifetime incidence is 5% and its chronicity rate is 0.5-1%. Stuttering, like many mental disorders, is a genetically transmitted disorder. Its occurrence in adults is usually attributed to a neurological cause such as head trauma, cerebrovascular accident, or brain tumor. Scientific studies have found that psychosocial stress is present at a rate of 40-70% before the onset of stuttering. The Turkish expression 'he swallowed his tongue out of fear' describes this situation quite well. It has been reported that the treatment period for stuttering that starts at a young age is short and the outcome is mostly satisfactory, and approximately 4/5 of them recover spontaneously during adolescence.
The prognosis of stuttering is quite satisfactory. 75-80% recover by the age of 16. 75% of this recovery occurs by the age of 4, 50% of the remaining by the age of 6, and 25% of the remaining by the age of 10. The recovery rate is more common in girls than in boys. Complete recovery is rare after adolescence (after 21-22 years of age).
The most common causes of speech delay in children
1. Psychosocial deprivation, maltreatment exposure
2.Mental disability: These children have problems in both receptive and expressive language. As the level of intelligence decreases, language acquisition becomes slower.
3.Hearing decrease/loss:Both receptive and expressive language problems are observed.
4.Maturational (developmental) language delay
5.Verbal expression disorder
6.Mixed language a perception-verbal expression disorder
7.Living in an environment where more than one language is spoken (bilingualism):Although these children have a delay in speech, they usually speak both languages before the age of 5.
8.Autism and other pervasive developmental disorders
9.Selective mutism
10. Neurological factors such as cerebral palsy,…
MENTAL PROBLEMS OBSERVED WITH COMMUNICATION DISORDERS
During the school period, this Especially reading disorders and other learning difficulties (written expression disorder, mathematics disorder) are frequently observed in children. In addition to these, anxiety disorders, behavioral disorders, mood disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiance disorder, low self-esteem, and poor peer relationships may be observed. Psychological comorbidity is most commonly seen in receptive language disorders (60-80%).
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