When we look at the research conducted according to the developmental approach today, it is seen that the relationship between parent and child has different effects on the child's development. According to Bowlby, the emotion, thought and behavior patterns that begin in infancy continue throughout life and have important effects on the individual's close relationships with others (1973;1982 cited in Soygüt 2004). The concept of 'attachment', introduced by Bowlby, is defined as "an emotional bond with consistency and continuity that manifests itself in the child's search for feeling safe, meeting his needs, and meeting his expectations for emotional closeness."
From the moment the child is born. It is faced with many factors, and for this reason, researchers have studied the development processes of individuals from childhood to adulthood and the factors affecting these processes. Attachment, one of these factors, was first mentioned by John Bolwby in his attachment theory. Attachment is a relationship pattern that begins with the birth of the child, continues throughout life and affects our lives, and it is a necessary situation. The concept of attachment in infancy; It covers all the emotional and behavioral patterns of the baby, such as reacting positively to certain people, wanting to spend more time with those people, looking for that person in situations where he is afraid, and feeling relieved by his presence. (Erkuş 1994, Morgan 1991 cited in Soysal, Bodur, İşeri and Şenol, 2005)
According to theorists working on attachment, attachment is divided into two as secure and insecure, and the established attachment style continues throughout life. Attachment behavior has been studied in animals as well as humans. The most well-known of these studies is Harlow's experimental study with monkeys. The baby monkeys were separated from their mothers immediately after birth and raised in cages prepared for them. One of the mannequin mothers mounted in cages has a wooden head and is made of a cylinder, while the other mother is made of a wooden block and covered with a soft fabric. Warmth was provided by placing a light bulb on the back of both artificial mothers. As a result of the research, they chose the model monkey that was furry even though the monkeys did not give milk. has been found. Based on this study, it was concluded that meeting physiological needs alone is not sufficient for attachment to occur. In addition, studies conducted with monkeys indicate that monkeys deprived of a parental relationship have difficulty mating and impose more severe punishment on their offspring (Dodson 1995, Donley 1993, Hortaçsu 1991, Holmes 1993, Joseph 1992, Seifert and Hoffnung 1987 cited in Soysal, Bodur, İşeri and Şenol, 2005). Similar results were obtained in Lorenz's experiments with birds. The findings found that birds lacking bonding experience affected the quality of their subsequent relationships. In another study, Maccoby, who worked with lambs, states that lambs can even attach themselves to a litter box that they see behind a wire fence and only hear the sound of. (Hortaçsu, 1991 cited in Soysal, Bodur, İşeri and Şenol, 2005). As a result of the research, it has been found that it is sufficient for the offspring to receive a response for attachment to occur.
Attachment and maternal behavior in living things varies from species to species (Panksepp 2005b Özbaran B., Bildik T., 2006). Attachment behavior in humans consists of more complex processes than in other living creatures. In animals, the attachment relationship weakens as the offspring grows.
The mother has an important position in the attachment relationship. The attachment relationship established at birth determines the quality of communication established between the baby and the mother. If the mother has developed a loving and secure attachment relationship with her own parents, this will positively affect her own marriage and her relationship with her child (Biller 1993, Donley 1993, Habip 1996, Ruble et al. 1990, Soysal 1999, Zeanah et al. 1993, Zeanah et al. . 1997).
According to Bowlby's attachment theory, newborn babies can survive with an adult who is willing to take care of them (17,23,24 cited in Sabuncuoğlu O., Berkem M., 2006). Babies are born with behaviors that enable interaction with the caregiver. In addition to Bowlby's ideas, Erikson also focuses on how well the caregiver meets the baby's needs. Here he mentions that not only physical needs but also the need for closeness and love are important. Understanding and meeting the baby's needs It states that a warm welcome will be effective in providing a basic sense of trust. As a result of the attachment between the baby and the mother and the mother exhibiting accepting behaviors in line with the baby's needs and wishes, the baby sees the mother as a reliable person and develops a secure attachment style that will affect the later periods of life (Bylsma, Cozarelli, & Sumer, 1997; Finzi-Dottan et al. 2003). The parent or caregiver's insensitivity to meeting the child's needs and desires, failure to support the child socially and lack of physical and emotional contact may cause the child to develop an insecure attachment style (Peluso, White, & Kern, 2004). These children do not trust their parents in later stages of life and may perceive them as a threat. Secure and insecure attachment is formed as a result of the communication established within the family, and at this point, family lives and parents' relationships have a significant impact.
Caregiving in humans. It turns into maternal behavior after birth (Panksepp 2004b, Panksepp 2005b). There is a neurochemical substance vasotocin in living things that affects caregiving behavior, and its interaction varies. For example, in turtles, vasotonin levels increase until they ovulate, but decrease after ovulation (Panksepp 2004b). One of the differences in caregiving behavior is gender. For example, although female mice have never given birth, they have been shown to be more sensitive to other mouse offspring. In addition, sensitization to motherhood is faster in mice that have given birth before (Gaineve and Wray 1994). Although the primary attachment figure is the mother, the basic attachment in some babies is also with the father. The most important factors affecting the attachment of father and baby are the parents' communication style, their satisfaction with their marriage, and their perceptions of their relationship. If there is tension between the mother and father, the father-infant relationship may be negative (Donley 1993).
Attachment characteristics are thought to be closely related to the behavioral styles of the adult's life (Taycan S., and Kuruoğlu A. 2014) Bartholomew and Horowitz In their study conducted in 1998, the subject of adult attachment styles was They proposed an attachment model called the Quadrilateral Attachment Model (DBM) (13,14). According to this model;
Secure Attachment: It is defined as people whose self-image and other people are perceived positively, who find themselves worthy of being loved, who can establish close relationships with other people, and who do not have anxiety about being alone.
Secure Attachment: p>
Preoccupied Attachment: It is defined as people whose self-image and other people are perceived negatively, who experience intense anxiety about being alone, and who do not find themselves worthy of being loved.
Dismissive Attachment. :It is defined as people who have a positive self-image but other people perceive them negatively, who find themselves worthy of love but avoid close relationships thinking that other people have negative expectations, who protect themselves to avoid disappointment and who want to maintain their independence.
Fearful Attachment: It is defined as people whose self-image and other people are perceived negatively, who see themselves as worthless, who experience anxiety about being alone, therefore avoid establishing close relationships, and who have intense anxiety about being hurt, losing and being rejected.
Marriage is a process that begins with two people with different characteristics wanting to continue their lives together. Spouses may not always behave the way they want each other, and this may cause conflict between them. The reasons for these conflicts may be economic, cultural, social and educational, as well as related to the personality characteristics of the spouses. The results of research on psychiatric problems and marital adjustment vary. In the study conducted by Birtchnell and Kennard (1993), it was stated that it would be difficult for the marriage to continue in the presence of psychiatric illness. Another study states that there is a negative relationship between marital adjustment and depression (Kim 2012). It has been found that women experiencing marital problems are more anxious and avoidant (Taycan and Kuruoğlu 2003). In a study investigating the attachment styles and spouse compatibility of lung cancer patients and their spouses; Avoidant and anxious attachment styles are associated with depression and deterioration in marital quality. It was found to be dual. It has also been reported that patients with an avoidant attachment style experience higher levels of anger and depression in their partners (Porter et al. 2012). In a similar study, it was emphasized that attachment style is effective in the mourning process after the loss of a spouse (Mancini et al. 2009). In a study investigating the relationship between attachment style and marital adjustment, it was emphasized that insecure attachment makes individuals more prone to depression in cases where the marital relationship is dysfunctional (Scott and Cordona 2002). In another study, it was stated that individuals with a secure attachment style have improved problem-solving behaviors, while avoidant individuals avoid problems instead of solving them (Taycan and Kuruoğlu 2003).
Today, the change in social structure, women's greater involvement in business life, and education With the increase in number of women and the decrease in the influence of the extended family on marriages, women have become more liberated and have begun to transition from a traditional structure to a flexible one. It is observed that divorce rates increase with the change in the duties that society imposes on men and women. Today, while marriage rates are decreasing, divorce rates are increasing (Landis, 1975, cited in Beştepe et al., 2010, p. 15). Couples may experience spiritual, social, physical and physical problems in marriage. While some individuals can cope with these problems more easily, marital conflicts may occur if some individuals lack healthy communication (Christensen & Shenk, 1990; cited in Karahan, 2007, p.846).
Resolving the conflicts sometimes results in divorce. Although there are many reasons for divorce, the most common reasons today are spouses' failure to meet each other's expectations, communication problems and cultural differences (Şendil and Kızılbağ, 2005). One of the biggest problems experienced after divorce and divorce is that men and women rearrange their lives and cope with the difficulties experienced. Effective problem solving to cope with these problems is possible by determining the solutions and implementing the most appropriate option (Morgan 1999).
Many researchers have found gender differences in problem-solving skills during the divorce process.
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