An individual's personality is shaped by the influence of family and social environment throughout his life. Parents' child-rearing attitudes are more important than many social and environmental factors and affect the child's social, emotional and cognitive development (Grusec and Davidov, 2007). It is the family that will limit or expand the child's socially useful and personally satisfying behaviors (Gander and Gardiner, 2010). Children adopt the attitude of their parents through the identification they establish. When they become parents themselves, they show the same attitude towards their children. (Grusec and Davidov, 2007; Mızrakçı, 1994; Yavuzer, 2005).
Many studies have been conducted on parental attitudes. Baumrind (1971) defined the parenting styles model with three parental attitudes: Authoritarian, permissive and democratic attitude. In their classification based on Baumrind's studies, Maccoby and Martin (1983) revealed the neglectful attitude, which is a subtype of permissive parenting, in addition to these three attitudes.
The authoritarian attitude is an attitude that can be observed in many families in our country. The parent-child relationship is weak and only about discipline. Children exhibit an introverted personality due to the pressure of these rules they have to obey. Children who cannot make their own decisions due to the imposed rules have an insecure and timid nature. It has also been observed that excessive discipline has the opposite effect, and children have a rebellious character and oppose everything.
A permissive attitude allows the child to be given unlimited freedom. Although the child receives warm attention and acceptance in a permissive parental attitude, there is a lack of restriction or control of the child (Sümer, Gündoğdu Aktürk, & Helvacı, 2010). With a loose or inconsistent discipline approach, the child's undesirable behaviors are generally ignored (Robinson, Mandleco, Olsen and Hart, 1995. They strictly avoid punishment and sometimes neglect children under the name of tolerance (Baumrind, 1966). They cannot improve themselves because they are not open to criticism. Social There may be delays in communication.
Democratic attitude provides guidance and supports individuality. Families guide the child's activities in a problem-oriented and logical manner. are attached (Baumrind, 1966). Joint decisions are made for the family. In this way, children have a personality that can make decisions more easily, live without being dependent on anyone, produce ideas, and take responsibility.
In a neglectful attitude, the child is not given any control and is not shown love and attention (Gander and Gardiner, 2010). Parents in this group generally confuse tolerance with letting go; they do not interfere with their children at all, do not ask for anything from them, and respond very little to their wishes and needs. These parents do not supervise their children in any way or limit their behavior.
According to the results of the research, democratic attitude creates positive cognitive, emotional and social results in the development of the child. It has been determined that parents' warm and supportive behavior towards their child helps them control the child's aggressive behavior.
It has been shown to be positively related to adjustment in social life and school (Chen, Dong, & Zhou, 1997).
Authoritarian parenting was found to be positively related to low assertiveness and aggressive behavior, and negatively to peer acceptance, social ability and academic success at school. It has been observed that the authoritarian attitude results in high anxiety levels and behavioral problems in the child. (Thompson, Hollis, & Richards, 2003)
As a result, we can see that children have different personality traits depending on their upbringing. Every behavior of the mother and father has a significant impact. First of all, having control in a non-oppressive way in a family environment where love, trust and respect is provided brings positive results. Getting help for problems encountered despite all adequate attitudes can be easily resolved and creates a healthier communication environment within the family.
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