Glial tumors are tumors that arise from glial cells of the brain or spinal cord. Glial cells are cells that support and protect nerve cells. Glial tumors are abnormal growths that begin in glial cells. The exact cause of glial tumors is unknown. However, some risk factors and genetic changes are thought to play a role. Radiation exposure, some genetic syndromes (eg, neurofibromatosis type 1 and type 2) and some hereditary factors may be effective in the formation of glial tumors. Glial tumors are classified according to stages and treatment options are determined for these stages.
The classical staging system divides glial tumors into four stages:
Stage 1: Also called pilocytic astrocytoma. At this stage, the tumor affects a limited area and grows slowly. It is generally considered benign and low-grade. It is recognized by contrast enhancement in contrast-enhanced MR imaging.
Stage 2: At this stage, tumor cells begin to grow rapidly and may spread to surrounding tissues. Contrast-enhanced MR images may have no contrast or slight contrast enhancement. Tumors are generally considered benign, but in some cases they can progress. Treatment usually includes surgery, radiotherapy, or a combination of the two.
Stage 3: Also called anaplastic astrocytoma. At this stage, the tumor has spread to the surrounding tissues and continues to grow rapidly. It is generally considered malignant and invades surrounding tissues. Treatment methods such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are usually used.
Stage 4: Its other name is glioblastoma or GBM. This stage is the most advanced and most aggressive stage. The tumor has often spread to other parts of the brain. Treatment may include a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies (eg, molecular targeted therapies). Treatment at this stage is usually aimed at controlling the disease and a complete recovery may not be possible. Treatment options vary depending on the stage, size, location of the tumor, and the patient's overall health. Low-grade tumors can turn into advanced-stage tumors over time. Therefore, it is important to remove the entire tumor in the first operation. All good-natured The villi can usually be completely removed with surgery. In more advanced stages, a combination of methods such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapies can be used. The treatment plan is determined with a multidisciplinary approach, taking into account the patient's condition and the characteristics of the tumor.
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