On Attachment Theory II

Bartholomew and Horowitz, based on Bowlby's attachment theory, and the internal working model of one's self and others. Four different attachment styles were created based on two types. Four prototypical attachment patterns have been described using combinations of the individual's self-image (positive or negative) and images of others (positive or Negative). The first among the defined adult attachment styles is the secure attachment style. The secure attachment style often combines a sense of self-worth and lovability with expectations of other people's acceptance and responsiveness. The preoccupied attachment style, on the other hand, reflects the feeling of worthlessness (not being worthy of being loved) and positive evaluations of others. Those with the preoccupied style are individuals who have low self-confidence, perceive others as supportive, cannot benefit from this support positively, and have low levels of self-disclosure.

In the dismissive attachment style, they combine the feeling of being valued and lovable with negative expectations towards other people. By avoiding close relationships, such people protect themselves against disappointment and maintain their independence and invulnerability. K In the fearful attachment style, it is combined with the feeling of being worthless and unworthy of being loved, and with expectations that others will be perceived as negative, untrustworthy and rejecting. People with this attachment style protect themselves against expected rejection from others by avoiding close bonds with others. Those with secure attachment have a positive perspective on both themselves and others. Those with secure attachment are comfortable expressing their difficult feelings constructively by acknowledging their distress and seeking help and support from others. Those with a dismissive attachment are essentially avoidant because they have positive views of themselves but negative views of others. They tend to repress negative emotions and use avoidance strategies as their primary coping strategy. Those with a preoccupied attachment have a negative view of themselves, a positive view of others, and are basically anxious. They show their negative emotions by exaggerating and constantly seeking their partner's approval. Those with fearful attachment have negative models of themselves and others and can be classified as anxious/avoidant. Although anxious/avoidant people desire close relationships with others, they avoid excessive closeness in their relationships because they are worried that they may get hurt. Secure individuals evaluate stressful events as less threatening compared to less secure individuals. These people have confidence in their abilities to cope with the causes of the situation that creates stress for them. They express their feelings openly. They use support seeking as an emotional regulation strategy to cope with stressful situations. They discuss situations openly and find solutions to conflicts rather than avoiding them. Additionally, secure individuals are aware of the psychological signs of anger. They become partners in problem solving for harmony. They express their anger in a controlled and non-hostile manner. As a result, positive emotional experience improves creative problem solving in individuals with a secure attachment style. Connecting and

Psychopathology In recent years, it has been seen that attachment constitutes a significant part of the research on mother-child relationships. The most important reason for this situation is that researching the relationship between parents and children has become increasingly important for both generations. Because attachment is a two-way process.

Many researchers argue that the continuity of the mother-child relationship forms the basis of later experiences. The most important people in a person's life are his mother and father; It has been stated that a good relationship with mother and father plays a decisive role in the mental health of young people and adults. Starting with Bowlby's studies, insecure attachment style has been considered a determinant of psychopathology in later life, while secure attachment has been associated with healthy processes. Nature's original model is secure attachment. Anxious/ambivalent attachment, which are insecure attachment styles, has been associated with anxiety disorders and depressive disorders, while avoidant attachment has been associated with behavioral disorder and other externalizing pathologies. It has been mentioned that disorganized attachment is associated with dissociative disorders. From a preventive mental health perspective, considering that insecure attachment is associated with the development of many psychopathologies, it seems very important that cases, and indeed all individuals, are supported during the period when they plan to have children, during pregnancy and while raising their children, in terms of raising healthy generations.

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