Homosexual is a word of Latin origin formed by the combination of the words homo and sexual. The word homo means "mate" but also means "human being". The word sexual means "gender". Homosexual, which means homosexual in Turkish, includes the sexual identities of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual and Intersexual. It has long been defined as abnormal sexual identity in different cultures, different scientific authorities define it as a disease, and in societies it has been defined as abnormal sexuality. In recent years, as scientific authorities rejected the definition of disease, its equivalents in cultures began to change, and it even began to be legally accepted in some societies as it gained legal rights.
In 1973, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and in 1992, the World Health Organization (. WHO) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) have removed homosexual orientations from the disease classification. With these regulations, the view of homosexuality in societies began to change positively. These changes are reflected in the laws, and European countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Croatia, Denmark and Finland have legally accepted homosexual marriages and protected the rights of couples. and it is an idea that emerged as an extension of homophobia. In the Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, edited by Kaplan Sadock, abnormal intercourse is defined as sexual behavior that is harmful to oneself or others, is highly restricted, cannot be directed to a partner, excludes stimulation of the primary sexual organs, and is inappropriately accompanied by guilt and anxiety.
In order to understand homosexual identity, it will be important to define concepts such as lesbian, gay, bisexual and homophobia. Following these definitions, psychoanalysis's view of homosexual orientations will come to a comprehensible level.
Gender and Sexuality
Understanding the difference between gender and sexuality is important in understanding homosexuality. Gender is defined in the TDK dictionary as "Gender that gives a separate role to the individual in reproduction and distinguishes between male and female." It is defined as “the characteristic of creation that causes As can be seen from the definition, gender is a biological term that the individual brings without his/her choice. It is determined by the presence of male and female reproductive organs in the person's physical and biology.
Sexuality is defined as "the feeling of lovemaking" in the TDK dictionary. Sexuality belongs to the object in which a person invests emotionally and sexually. This investment, which develops independently of the person's biology and physiology, does not have to be compatible with the general orientation of society and culture. Just as a woman is not necessary for a man's sexuality, a man is not necessary for a woman's sexuality. Emotional and sexual investment can be invested in the same sex of the individual. Although this is an emotional factor, it has no connection with biology.
The biological identity that a person is born with is accepted as biological sex in Turkish, and the identity that emerges as a result of a person's emotional and sexual investments is his/her sexual identity.
>Homosexuality
Homosexuality began to be used as a medical term in the 19th century. Before the use of this term, heterosexuality meant normality. However, after the medical recognition of homosexuality, the definitions of normal and abnormal disappeared. Homosexuality is used in the sense of having an erotic desire towards someone who is biologically the same gender as one's own gender.
Along with the definition of homosexual, the concept of bisexuality was introduced in the 19th century as the hypothetical ability of an organism to develop physiologically as a woman or a man. It meant. Studies have shown that some organisms can reproduce as men or women. The bisexual potential in humans began to be accepted with the discovery that the external genitalia of human embryos differentiate into male or female by the 12th week of gestation. Sigmund Freud's theory that people are bisexual, although there are differences between men and women, has been confirmed by science. Sigmund Freud's defense that the clitoris is a penis that has lost its function is a continuation of this theory.
Nowadays, bisexuality sometimes refers to emotional and sexual feelings towards one's own gender. It is defined as investment and, from time to time, emotional and sexual investment towards the opposite sex.
Lesbian
Individuals with female biology and physiology are biologically and physiologically like themselves. It is a sexual orientation in which one makes an emotional and sexual investment towards female individuals. According to research conducted at the University of Chicago in 1994, 1.4% of women between the ages of 18-59 report that they are lesbians. In addition, 5% of the women who participated in the study reported that they had homosexual intercourse at least once after adolescence.
Gay
Individuals with male biology and physiology are just like him. It is a sexual orientation in which people invest emotionally and sexually towards individuals with male biology and physiology. According to a study conducted at the University of Chicago in 1994, 2.8% of men between the ages of 18-59 reported that they were gay. According to the data in the same study, 9% of the men who participated in the study reported that they had homosexual intercourse at least once after adolescence.
Bisexual
As stated in the article. Bisexuality, which was not medically defined until the 19th century, began to be accepted as a result of research. Many scientists, such as Sigmund Freud, argue that all humans have bisexual tendencies. Bisexuality is a sexual orientation in which emotional and sexual investment is made towards individuals of both the same sex and the opposite sex.
Transsexual
The emotional and emotional state of individuals who do not feel like they belong to the body they are in biologically and physiologically. and having the body of the gender they feel, regardless of which gender their sexual investments are directed towards, through surgical intervention. Transsexual men do not change gender to be with women or transsexual women do not change gender to be with men. They change gender in order to eliminate the incompatibility between their own body and the body perception they feel. A transgender woman can invest emotionally and sexually in a woman and have a lesbian relationship. A transgender man can invest emotionally and sexually in a man and have a gay relationship. lir.
Intersexual
It is the last orientation accepted within the LGBT umbrella. An intersexual individual can feel both feminine and masculine. Physiologically, symptoms related to male and female physiology can be observed. It is not as common and well-known as studies on other LGBT orientations.
Homophobia
Etymologically, "Homo" means "same, same". “phobia” means “an unnatural, irrational and strong fear or hatred”. The word homophobia can be defined as fear or hatred of homosexuality. Homophobic people not only do not accept homosexuality, but also have destructive feelings towards homosexuals and cannot establish healthy communication with homosexual people.
The separation of the words that make up the word in order to understand the literal meaning of homophobia is also necessary for the psychological inference of homophobia. As it is known, phobia is a state of fear that occurs as a result of repressed desires. Homophobia is the repression of a person's homosexual desires as a result of his discomfort with them, and his anger is directed towards those who evoke the suppressed desires.
Psychoanalysis and Homosexuality
Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, sees homosexuality as a natural consequence of normal development. Far from seeing homosexuality or inversion as a pathology, he describes it as a resolved expression of a natural instinct. As discussed in the article, Freud defines people as bisexual and argues that there is a Feminine and Masculine side in every individual. This is a natural orientation within bisexuality that emerges under the influence of social, environmental and biological factors during the developmental period. Contrary to this situation, he stated that heterosexuality is often perceived as glorified.
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