What are the Types of Anesthesia?

Anesthesia can be defined as a medical application that makes a part or whole of the body insensitive to pain.

Types of Anesthesia

Substances that make the person feel no pain are called anesthetics. The medical science dealing with anesthesia is defined as anesthesiology or anesthesia and reanimation. Thanks to the types of anesthesia applied before the operation, the patient does not feel pain or pain. In this way, the physician continues the surgical procedure safely. During the entire operation, besides the surgeon, the anesthesiologist and reanimation specialist, or in other words anesthetist, is also present in the operating room. Controls the patient's health status and vital functions throughout the operation. During this period, the anesthesiologist can continue to give pain-blocking anesthetics, if necessary, by breathing or intravenously.
Types of anesthesia have different effects on the patient. Some types of anesthesia put the patient completely asleep, while others only numb a certain part of the body. Anesthesia drugs can also be administered to the patient in the form of injections, respiration, skin patches, lotions, sprays or drops, depending on the nature of the operation and the type of anesthesia applied. It provides the comfort and safety of the patient with appropriate anesthetic drugs so that he does not feel pain. The type of anesthesia to be applied to the patient is determined by the type and duration of the operation and the general health status of the person. Anesthetics, which have different effects on the nervous system, numb the patient's whole body or only a part of his body. Types of anesthesia that suppress nerve cells can be performed in four different types as general, local, regional and sedation.

What is General Anesthesia?

General anesthesia, which is mostly applied before the operations that are planned to take a long time, is the operation of the whole body of the patient. can be defined as the process of numbing. The purpose of general anesthesia, which provides a reversible loss of consciousness and desensitization to pain, is that the patient loses consciousness and does not feel any pain during the operation. Before the application of anesthesia, the person is monitored and followed up.
General anesthesia;

• Intravenous (intravenous injection, TIVA),
• Administered by inhalation (breathing, VIMA).

Inhaled volatile drugs are defined as volatile anesthetics and enter the bloodstream from the lungs. General anesthesia, which is mostly performed with a combination of both methods, is a method that protects the patient against surgery. This type of anesthesia is also known as balanced anesthesia. The anesthesiologist stays at the patient's head throughout the operation, monitors the health status of the person, decreases or increases the amount of medication according to the current situation. After the patient is given general anesthesia, the person goes into a deep sleep and does not feel what is happening. Next, the anesthetist intubate the patient by administering muscle relaxants. Thanks to intubation, the patient is connected to the anesthesia device and starts artificial respiration. Thanks to this method, the level of pressure in the airway, the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled from the body, the amount of oxygen taken and given, and the amount of anesthetic drugs in the person's body are constantly monitored.
General anesthesia consists of three phases defined as induction, (starting the application of anesthesia), maintenance (continuation of anesthesia) and recovery (waking up, exiting from anesthesia): At this stage, the patient continues to breathe oxygen with a mask after sleeping. The patient is then intubated. The person continues to breathe oxygen with a mechanical ventilator throughout the whole process. When necessary, anesthetic gases are inhaled to ensure that the patient continues to remain under anesthesia.

Maintenance: After the patient loses consciousness and reflexes, they are followed by an anesthesiologist throughout the operation. Depending on the operation process and the patient's condition, anesthetics are increased or decreased.

Recovery: With the completion of the operation, the administration of anesthetics to the person is stopped.

At the end of the surgery, antidotes are applied to the patient and reflexes are restored. and breathing is restored. At the appropriate time, the patient leaves the ventilator. When the patient's breathing completely returns to normal and his consciousness is relatively awake, he is taken from the operating table to the recovery room.

What is Local Anesthesia?

Local anesthesia is a type of anesthesia in which only a certain part of the body is anesthetized. Most of the intervention area Thanks to the anesthetics injected subcutaneously, only the nerve sensations in that area are neutralized. The patient is conscious, but the patient does not feel pain or pain in the operated area. Local anesthesia, which is mostly used in small operations such as eye, ear, nose, throat, shoulder, arm, skin, peripheral blood vessel surgery and dentistry, is applied in two different types:

• Infiltration: Type of anesthesia that affects the tissue. Infiltration, which can also be defined as infiltration, is done by injecting anesthetics under the skin or into other surface tissues. Thus, while the area to be operated becomes insensitive, the patient is conscious.
• Topical Anesthesia: No needle is used in this type of local anesthesia, which can also be defined as the type of anesthesia that is absorbed from the surface. The anesthetic substance is dripped, sprayed or rubbed into the operation area. The topical anesthesia method, which prevents the patient from feeling pain, is generally widely used in dentistry.

The patient does not feel the pain of the injection, thanks to the spray sprayed on the gums with the spray. Anesthesia drugs, which are in spray form, are mostly applied by spraying to areas such as the mouth and nose. Cream-type drugs can be applied to the mucous membrane and skin surface. After the local anesthesia is applied, it is waited for approximately 15 minutes for it to take effect. The duration of the anesthesia, on the other hand, differs according to the type and amount of the anesthetic used. applied for induction. Regional anesthesia, which is widely used in some types of surgery belonging to orthopedics and urology departments, especially obstetrics, is performed for the implementation of regional surgeries such as arm, leg and groin. There are types such as spinal, epidural and combined spinal epidural anesthesia, regional nerve block.

• Spinal Anesthesia: Spinal anesthesia, which is widely applied for cesarean section and normal birth, is also applied for some surgical operations performed below the waist and waist level. The patient is seated before the operation to administer spinal anesthesia. An injection is made into the hard membrane called the dura, in which the spinal cord and nerves are located. With the effect of anesthesia, the patient's lower chest area and feet are moved. the narrow part quickly becomes numb. The consciousness of the person is completely open.
• Epidural Anesthesia: Although epidural anesthesia, which can be applied in many types of surgery as well as normal and cesarean delivery, is similar to spinal anesthesia, its application technique is quite different. Anesthetics, which are applied outside the sac containing the spinal cord where the cerebrospinal fluid is located, are sent to the body through a thin tube called a catheter, not by direct injection. The patient is conscious and can walk after the procedure.
• Combined Spinal Epidural Anesthesia: In this method, where both spinal and epidural anesthesia types are applied together, the patient is first injected with spinal anesthesia technique. Epidural anesthesia is then administered with a catheter. The patient does not feel pain and pain.
• Regional Nerve Block: It is often preferred in surgeries performed on the arms and legs. Numbness and immobility are provided by administering anesthetic drugs around the nerves leading to the area to be operated on. Generally, patients are given sedative drugs intravenously to create a mild sleepiness, which we call "sedation". In all these methods, numbness and immobility are temporary. When the effect of the drugs expires, all functions return to their normal state

  What is Sedation?

  Sedation can also be defined as sleepiness. It is applied to reduce the patient's anxiety before the operation. Before the patient is taken to the operating room, the drug given intravenously allows the patient to suppress his excitement and relax. Depending on the dose of the drug, the patient may fall asleep until he enters the operating room. Sedation can also be applied to relax the patient before procedures such as colonoscopy and endoscopy.
  

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