Sleep is a different state of consciousness. Contrary to what is known in the past, it is actually an active process in which neurons are quite active. The human body needs sleep to be normal and healthy. An adult person spends 8 hours a day, i.e. 2920 hours of a year, in other words 121.7 days of the year, which means that 1/3 of his life is spent in sleep. Sleep has been a subject that has attracted people's attention since the past. Sleep was very much associated with mythology before. For example, Morphine, which is used to put patients to sleep, takes its name from Morpheus, the God of dreams. The hypnosis method used in the field of psychology is named after Hypnos, the god of sleep. On the other hand, Phobetor, the brother of Morpheus, dreams of nightmares and Phantasos dreams of fantastic dreams. The concepts of phobia and fantasy, which are frequently used today, also come from these mythological Gods. Sleep studies gained momentum in the 20th century. Electrophysiological studies and the discovery of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and the identification of sleep stages were pioneers for subsequent studies in this area. Aserinsky and Kleitman focused more on sleep depth and eye movements and developed electro-oculography (EOG). In the 1970s, polysomnography was defined, the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) was developed, and basic definitions of sleep were made. Sleep is still a topic of study today.
Phases of Normal Sleep
The stages of sleep are REM (Rapid Eye Movements) and non-REM (non-Rapid Eye Movements, NREM ) is divided into two. REM sleep is a sleep period characterized by rapid eyeball movements, low-voltage and rapid EEG activity, indicative of atony and cortical activation in skeletal muscles other than respiratory and eye muscles. REM sleep accounts for 20-30% of total sleep. The fact that the person is in REM sleep can be understood from physical symptoms such as pupils, heart rate and respiratory rate, and pulse in the muscles. In addition, the brain metabolism has increased, the brain waves are of low intensity and mixed frequency, as in the waking period. The first REM occurs approximately 90 minutes after the onset of sleep. Then, the person is asleep 3 times a night at intervals of about 90 minutes. He goes through 5 REM periods. The feature that makes the REM period important is that dreams are seen in this phase. Freud, who is known to be very interested in dreams, claimed that the mind works effectively during sleep and that the proof of this is dreams. The rest of sleep, NREM, consists of the 1st and 2nd stages, which are defined as superficial sleep in itself, and the 3rd and 4th stages, which are considered as deep sleep, according to EEG changes.
Definition of Sleep Disorder
Sleep, which is a physiological need, is associated with the regulation of learning, memory and mood. Studies have found that sleep disorder causes deterioration in physiological and cognitive regulation, REM sleep deprivation causes deterioration in cognition and affect, and in cases where delta sleep is inadequate or not taken at all, it has been found that it causes restless and tired awakening. Sleep disturbance can occur as a symptom of another physical or mental illness, or it can be seen as a disorder on its own. Sleep disorder first entered the literature in 1979. Although it has been reclassified over time, it was lastly classified as insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, respiratory-related sleep disorders (obstructive sleep apnea) in DSM-V in 2013 under the name of “Sleep-Wake Disorders”. hypopnea, central sleep apnea, sleep-related hypoventilation), circadian rhythm sleep wakefulness disorders, parasomnias (disorders of waking from NREM sleep-sleepwalking, sleep terrors) -, nightmare, REM sleep behavior disorder), restless legs syndrome, substance/drug-induced sleep disorder, other specified and /strong> unspecified sleep disorder is discussed.
Diagnostic Criteria for DSM-V Sleep Disorder
A. The main complaint is a complaint of dissatisfaction with the quantity or quality of sleep accompanied by one (or more) of the following symptoms:
Difficulty initiating (falling asleep) sleep (In children, it may manifest as difficulty in initiating sleep without the help of a caregiver
.
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Difficulty staying asleep is evident in frequent awakenings or having trouble getting back to sleep after waking up
. (Children-
may also manifest by having difficulty falling back asleep without caregiver assistance.)
Waking up early in the morning, unable to go back to sleep after waking.
B. The sleep disorder causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, work-related, school-related, behavioral, or other
important domains of functioning.
C. Sleep disturbance occurs at least three nights a week.
D. Sleep disturbance has been present for at least three months.
E. Sleep disturbance occurs despite a favorable environment for sleeping.
F. The sleep disturbance is not better explained by another sleep-wake disorder (e.g., narcolepsy, a respiratory-related sleep disorder, a twenty-four-hour sleep-wake disorder, a parasomnia) and is merely the result of another sleep-wake disorder. It does not appear during his departure.
G. Insomnia cannot be attributed to the
physiological effects of a substance (eg, a substance of abuse, a drug).
H. Co-existing mental illnesses and health conditions do not adequately explain the leading complaint of insomnia.
Following the above criteria is not sufficient for the diagnosis of sleep disorder. As stated in the first article, the main complaint should be related to the quality or quantity of sleep. To give an example, depression or anxiety can also cause sleep disturbances. It is important in the diagnosis to question the drugs used, alcohol and substance use while examining the person with suspected sleep disorder. It is recommended that people who have doubts about sleep disorder consult a specialist and undergo a detailed examination . As a result, sleep disorder causes a decrease in the quality of life of the person and both It can cause physical and mental deterioration. For this reason, treatment is very important for a person to lead a healthy life.
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