When a part of us bleeds, clotting begins to stop the bleeding, and the resulting clot forms a plug in the bleeding part of the vein and stops the bleeding. In order for clotting to occur, our body needs living cells called platelets and proteins called clotting factors. Any malfunction that prevents clotting also prevents the flow of blood from stopping, and many health problems arise due to unpreventable bleeding. Such conditions are called coagulation disorders. Diseases in which clotting does not occur can sometimes end in life-threatening heavy bleeding. Most bleeding diseases are hereditary, meaning they are passed on to the patient through the genes of their mother or father, while some appear later. To give a few examples of coagulation disorders, we can list vascular wall disorders, platelet diseases and coagulation protein deficiencies such as hemophilia.
Bleeding diseases due to vascular wall disorders: There are various causes of diseases that cause bleeding. One of these reasons is the disorder in the vascular structure. Vascular structure disorders may be of genetic origin or may be due to acquired diseases, vitamin C deficiencies, allergic causes-immune system disorders. In Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome, which is a genetic disease, there are vascular enlargements in the face, tongue, lips, digestive system and respiratory tract from birth and bleeding may occur. Inflammatory reactions that cause bleeding in small and capillary vessels occur as a result of hypersensitivity in the immune system due to reasons such as some microbes such as bacteria and viruses, drugs, some foodstuffs, chemicals, insect bites and bee stings. In vitamin C deficiency, the strength between the cells that make up the vascular wall is impaired. As a result, bleeding occurs when the permeability of the vascular wall increases.
Bleeding diseases due to platelet diseases: Platelets are living blood cells produced in the bone marrow and circulating in the blood, and they come together and form clusters where bleeding occurs. Thus, they ensure the formation of a clot plug. The production of platelets decreases in bone marrow failure, blood cancers and other cancers that invade the bone marrow. Some In some cases, the destruction of platelets increases due to immune system disorder. Advanced spleen enlargement is another reason that increases platelet destruction. Regardless of the reason, whether it is low production or excessive destruction, when the number of platelets decreases, clotting does not occur and bleeding cannot be stopped. In hereditary diseases such as Von Willebrand Disease, even if the platelets are sufficient in number, coagulation disorders and bleeding still occur because they cannot perform their duties. Von Willebrand Disease is the most common inherited clotting disorder after hemophilia. It is seen in both boys and girls. In hemophilia, there is a problem in transporting the clotting factor in the blood and in platelets adhering to the vessel wall and forming a clot plug. Therefore, there may be problems such as nose bleeding, gum bleeding, skin-subcutaneous bleeding, bleeding after circumcision in boys, and prolonged menstrual bleeding in girls.
Deficiency in clotting proteins: Hemophilia is a genetic disease seen in men. If there is hemophilia in the family, the girl is born a carrier and the boy is born sick. There are types such as hemophilia A, hemophilia B and hemophilia C. In hemophilia, there is a deficiency of the clotting factor, so clotting does not occur and bleeding occurs. Bleeding mostly occurs into the joint. This is why injuries occur in the joints. Nosebleeds, gastrointestinal bleeding, nose and gum bleeding, and post-circumcision bleeding are other bleedings seen in hemophilia.
Vitamin K deficiencies, liver diseases, and kidney failure are examples of other factors that disrupt clotting and cause bleeding.
Goodbye, dear readers, with my wishes for a healthy, happy and trouble-free life.
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