Diabetes is a public health problem and the probability of preventing the disease is around 80% with the measures to be taken. Diabetes is one of the diseases that shorten the lifespan the most. It is estimated that there are approximately 400 million diabetic patients in the world. In our country, 15% of adults (approximately 10 million people) are diabetic. Diabetes is a lifelong disease that develops due to the fact that the secretory gland called the pancreas in our body does not produce enough insulin hormone or the insulin hormone it produces cannot be used effectively. As a result, the person cannot use the sugar that passes into the blood from the foods he eats, and blood sugar rises (hyperglycemia). Most of the foods we eat (especially carbohydrates) are converted to glucose in the body to be used for energy. Located behind the stomach, the pancreas produces a hormone called "insulin" that enables our muscles and other tissues to take glucose from the blood and use it for energy. Glucose, which passes into the blood with food, enters the cells through the hormone insulin, and in this way, the cells use the glucose as fuel. If the amount of glucose is more than the body's fuel needs, it is stored in the liver (sugar storage = glycogen) and adipose tissue.
In general, there are two types of diabetes. Type 1 and Type 2. Type 2 diabetes, which is more common in the community and the main disease of adults. Type 1 diabetes is a condition that is mostly seen in the childhood age group and in which the pancreas is completely damaged for unknown reasons, the insulin reserve is lost, and it is necessary to use insulin for life. In type 2 diabetes, there is insulin secretion, but it cannot act on target tissues. Obesity, people with a family history of diabetes, high birth weight, and people living under stress have a higher risk of developing diabetes. In addition, some hormonal diseases such as chronic inflammation of the pancreas (chronic pancreatitis), pancreatic tumors and surgeries, hyperthyroidism, acromegaly are risk factors for the development of Type 2 diabetes. The most common complaints in diabetes are: frequent urination, dry mouth, drinking a lot of water, feeling of hunger, feeling hungry quickly, delayed healing of skin wounds, dry and itchy skin, frequent infections, numbness in hands and feet, tingle.
Blood sugar level in normal individuals is 120 mg/dl in fasting state, It does not go above 140 mg/dl in linde (two hours after starting the meal). If the blood glucose level measured during fasting or satiety is above these values, it indicates the presence of diabetes. Whether a person has diabetes is determined by measuring Fasting Blood Glucose (FGL) or Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). A FBC measurement between 100-125 mg/dl is an indicator of hidden sugar (pre-diabetes). A FBC measurement result of 126 mg/dl or more indicates the diagnosis of diabetes. In OGTT, the blood glucose value 2 hours after taking glucose-rich liquid is important. If blood glucose measurement in the second hour is 140-199 mg/dl, latent sugar is diagnosed, and if it is 200 mg/dl or higher, diabetes is diagnosed.
Formerly called HbA1c, now called A1c test, how much your blood sugar control is It is a test that shows that it is "adequate". An A1c below 7% indicates that your blood sugar is under control. If your A1c values are generally above 7%, you should take action to correct it. An A1c value of 7% reflects an average daily blood glucose level of 150 mg/dl. Again, if your blood sugar is between 50 mg/dl and 250 mg/dl, your A1c value will still be 7%. If your blood sugar is not regular, you need to gather some information. For this, measure your blood sugar four times a day for a week. Note all the results. 80% of these results should be between 125 and 175 mg/dl and none should exceed 200 mg/dl. If you have very low or very high values as a result of the measurements, you should consult your doctor and nutritionist.
The main complications of diabetes are; High blood sugar over a long period of time destroys large and small vessels and nerves. In which organ the damage is, problems related to it are seen. Cardiovascular diseases, Retinopathy (damage to the eyes), Nephropathy (damage to the kidneys), Neuropathy (damage to the nerves), Foot complications, impotence (sexual weakness).
The aim of diabetes treatment is to regulate blood sugar, in other words, to prevent blood sugar spikes and blood sugar drops. Ensuring this setting is used to prevent the development of complications or slow the course of advanced complications. ten is very important. The primary care plan includes regulating eating habits, changing lifestyle, and putting exercise programs into practice. If the blood sugar cannot be kept within normal limits despite complying with these, sugar-lowering drugs taken orally as pills are added to the treatment. However, some people with Type 2 diabetes may need insulin after a while to keep their blood sugar levels within normal limits. In these cases, treatment is supported with insulin injections at appropriate doses. People with diabetes who have high blood sugar despite adapting to the diet plan, exercising and taking medications, patients who will undergo surgery, women who are diagnosed with diabetes during the operation, during pregnancy and whose blood sugar control is not maintained during pregnancy, people who do not heal while having a severe infection, diabetics with foot wounds, people with diabetes mellitus. Insulin therapy should be applied to patients in whom complications develop. Consumption of edible foods, especially foods containing carbohydrates, in excess of the body's needs, raises blood sugar levels. It is important to give specific nutritional therapy to the individual with diabetes in ensuring blood sugar control. Exercise allows your body to use glucose effectively and control blood sugar. Insulin is a hormone that enables the body to use the sugar that passes into the blood with food and thus prevents blood sugar spikes. People with type 1 diabetes need insulin to live. Insulin is not a substance to be addictive. Insulin is essential for life. If the body does not produce insulin, it is necessary to replace the deficiency in the body by external injection. People with type 2 diabetes may need oral medications or insulin to regulate their blood sugar. In order for the sugar balance to occur in the body, the person with diabetes must receive training on diabetes and its treatment.
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