Urology is a surgical medical science that deals with the structure and diseases of men's and women's urinary tracts and organs and male reproductive organs. In addition, surgical treatment of the adrenal glands also falls within the scope of urology. The department of urology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of cancers arising from the organs of the urinary system in men and women, such as the kidney, urinary tract (ureter) and bladder, and the adrenal gland. It also deals with the diagnosis and treatment of cancers arising from the prostate, penis and testicles in men. Cancers that fall within the scope of the urology department are as follows:
Kidney cancers
The type of treatment depends on the stage of the disease and the characteristics of the patient. Treatment of cancer limited (localized) to the kidney usually involves surgery to remove only the tumor (partial nephrectomy) or the kidney along with the tumor (radical nephrectomy). For patients with localized tumors less than 7 cm in diameter, partial nephrectomy (when possible) is considered first line. Surgical methods that can be applied in localized kidney tumors can be performed with open or laparoscopic surgery techniques.
Urinary tract (renal pelvis, ureter) cancers
Bladder cancer
75-80% of bladder tumors are encountered at an early stage at first presentation. The main presenting symptom of bladder tumor patients is bloody urine. Bloody urine is usually painless and occurs intermittently. In cases where the patient presents with bloody urine and a bladder tumor is suspected, an abdominal ultrasonography is first performed.
As the first step of the diagnostic approach and treatment in every patient with a bladder tumor, it is necessary to enter the bladder accompanied by cystoscopy and scrape and burn the tumors with various methods. Tumors scraped by the transurethral resection (TUR) method are examined in the pathology laboratory and the tumor type, degree of progression on the bladder wall and other accompanying findings are reported.
Standard treatment for invasive bladder tumors (advanced into the muscle layer) is Urinary Diversion surgery combined with Radical Cystectomy
>Metastatic bladder tumors (other tissues and organs within the body) chemotherapy applications and smart drug applications can be performed in suitable patients.
Adrenal gland cancers
Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer It is the most common type of cancer in men. It ranks second in deaths caused by cancer. The most important findings that make us suspect prostate cancer are persistently above normal values as a result of the PSA test and/or suspicious findings during digital rectal examination.
In cases where prostate cancer is suspected, the standard method for diagnosis is prostate biopsy. The pieces taken as a result of Prostate biopsy are examined by pathologists for the presence of cancer and the conclusion is reached.
Treatment options for prostate cancer are determined by the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis. In prostate cancer diagnosed at an early stage, prostate cancer surgery (radical prostatectomy) is primarily recommended to patients in terms of cancer control and patient survival. Other treatment options that can be recommended, taking into account patient-related factors, are various monitoring protocols and radiotherapy. In advanced stage (metastasized prostate cancer) patients, patients are followed up with sequential hormonal treatments and various chemotherapy protocols, and compared to other types of cancer, cancer patients may have a relatively longer survival.
Testicular cancer
Testicular cancer originates from the testicle and is the most common cancer in men between the ages of 15-44. However, testicular cancer can rarely occur before puberty. The most common first noticed symptom of testicular cancer is a painless lump that develops in the testicle. The lump is usually painless, but some people notice some pain or discomfort coming from the affected testicle. When swelling or lump in the testicles is noticed, it is necessary to consult a doctor as soon as possible for early diagnosis. Examination of the testicle and subsequent ultrasound examination will confirm the diagnosis. If cancer is diagnosed, the affected testicle will need to be surgically removed. The testicle is removed from the groin area through an incision of varying size depending on the size of the mass. In some special cases and When the mass in the testicle is very small, only the tumor (partial orchiectomy) can be removed while preserving the intact part of the testicle.
The follow-up and treatment method to be applied afterwards is planned according to the pathological type of the testicular tumor and the stage of the disease.
Penile cancer
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