There's something a little confusing about this topic. The reason why this chapter is confusing is that the human brain has a complex structure as well as hypnosis itself has a complex structure. All of the hypnosis theories that you will read below express only one aspect of hypnosis, which is a multifaceted concept.
Theory of Dissociation
A person in a state of hypnosis often expresses dissociation to a hypnotherapist as follows: says: “While one part of my mind was aware of you and what you were saying, another part of my mind could be elsewhere (on the beach, in the woods, etc.).”
Dissociation is such an important issue when it comes to hypnosis that to a certain degree It can be said that it is difficult to exist in a hypnotic state without dissociation. As the hypnotist's capacity to dissociate increases, so does the depth of hypnosis. At the same time, dissociation of the conscious and unconscious mind in hypnosis is the backbone of hypnosis practices (Yapko,2003)
You became dissociated when some of your feelings, thoughts and behaviors started to act independently of your personality, other thoughts and behaviors. means. This theory treats hypnosis as a dissociation. He also treats people in hypnosis as dissociated individuals.
According to Ernest Hilgardı's Neodissociation theory, humans have multiple cognitive systems that can work simultaneously. These systems are controlled by the executive ego when not in hypnosis. The content of the cognitive system includes habits, attitudes, prejudices, interests, and other latent abilities. In the case of hypnosis, many sub-cognitive systems come out of the control of the executive ego, and as a result, the sub-cognitive systems act in an automatic and dissociated state (independent and unaware of each other).
According to this theory, hypnosis During this period, a dissociation occurs between the conscious and unconscious mental state, and as a result, the unconscious mind accepts suggestions.
The correlations to be found between hypnotizability and dissociation capacity will reveal the accuracy of this theory to a large extent. This theory can explain some of the characteristic features of hypnosis, but cannot explain� There are also many topics available.
PASSIFIATION THEORY
People in a state of hypnosis often go into a more passive state. In this theory, he explains hypnosis as a special mental state in which people can go into a passive state. However, this theory cannot explain how a person who can remain passive in the hypnotic state can go into an active (arousal) state without deteriorating the hypnotic state. The person in hypnosis goes into a more passive psychophysiological state. This time, however, the hypnotherapist takes an active role. The client leaves the active duty to the therapist, and he or she lies passively comfortably. In this case, the question to be answered is: When you pass the activation task to someone else by going into a passive position, are you really passive at that moment?
ROLE PAYYING THEORY
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This theory was put forward by Dr. Theodore Sarbin from the University of California. The main premise of the advocates of the role-playing theory is that there is no psychological, biochemical or neurophysiological change that occurs only and only in the state of hypnosis. Proponents of this theory therefore argue that the changes that can be brought about by the application of the hypnotic state can be brought about without the hypnotic state (when the client is sufficiently motivated). According to the advocates of this theory, hypnosis is only possible when the person accepts to pretend to be a hypnotized person. To express the argument of these theorists more clearly, the state of hypnosis consists of only playing a role.
Ordinaryus Prof.Dr. Martin Orne (professor of psychology and psychiatry) organizes an experiment (1959, 1971). In this experiment, a group of people were actually put into a room in hypnosis. Another group of people were put in the same room, instructed to pretend they were in hypnosis. They then asked some experienced hypnotists to determine who was in hypnosis and who was just pretending to be in hypnosis. Experienced hypnotists have had a hard time distinguishing who is pretending and who is actually in hypnosis. However, the point here is very important that if a person only pretends to be in hypnosis, he is truly hypnotized. can pass through. So those who thought they were acting, maybe they weren't acting, they were actually in hypnosis.
One of the techniques used to initiate hypnosis is called the "as if" technique. In this technique, people are asked to pretend to be in a hypnotic trance state to put them in a hypnotic trance state, and people actually go into hypnosis. demonstrated that it is possible. Subjects who were highly hypnotizable behaved naturally, while subjects with proven low hypnotizability were asked to pretend to be hypnotizable. In the meantime, it is not known to which group the subject belongs to, by the person who made the subject. Subjects pretending to be hypnotized fulfilled the requirements of hypnosis as expected. However, significant differences were observed between what they said about their subjective experiences and what people who were truly hypnotized said (Zamansky, Bartis, Hillgard, 1978) pupillary movements were observed. However, if people pretending to be in hypnosis (simulations) are told that they are looking at a light, no answer will be received.
William James, a psychologist and philosopher, asks: “A person is happy. Does he smile because he's happy, or is he happy because he's smiling?"
As a result, role-playing theorists say that there really is no such thing as hypnosis, it's all just people conforming to a scenario called hypnosis. However, the experimental results show that playing the role of hypnosis is not different from being in real hypnosis. You're pretty confused, aren't you? It is a technique used by the famous Hypnotherapist Milton Erickson for hypnosis to create confusion. If you are too confused, you can go to hypnosis. Don't go into hypnosis until you've finished reading this book.
ALTERED STATE OF CONSCIOUS THEORY
According to this theory, hypnosis is the application of some induction methods and by narrowing the attention to a focus, it creates a state of consciousness different from the normal state of consciousness. In this altered state of consciousness, access to one's unconscious processes and emotional world is much easier.
This theory conceptualizes hypnosis as altered consciousness. But what is consciousness? Shouldn't we first grasp consciousness before we can grasp the altered state of consciousness? While reading these texts, your state of consciousness is changing every moment. How possible is it to explain another concept (hypnosis) over a concept that can change at any time and is uncertain?
REALY TESTING THEORY
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This theory is also known as physical theory. According to this theory, during the application of formal hypnosis, the client's connection with the outside world is gradually reduced to a minimum. The client begins to reduce contact with the outside world by closing their eyes. It begins to focus towards the inner senses. The person going towards hypnosis first closes their eyes. Then he slowly begins to ignore the traffic sounds coming from the main street. The person's attention begins to turn from the outside to the inside. We can exemplify this as follows. If you want the sencak coming from the surrounding right now, you can pay close attention to the sounds around. If you do this, you will be testing the reality around you. So what happens if a person is prevented from testing reality in a private setting? In the event of such an obstruction, the reality that that person perceives around him, whether it is right or wrong, begins to turn into real reality. According to these theorists, this is what happens in hypnosis. In hypnosis, we reduce the sensations and stimuli from the outside world, and the internal perception process begins. Whatever we perceive at that time tends to become our reality. It is this feature of hypnosis that facilitates the transformation of suggestions into reality in hypnosis.
Australian psychologists Peter Sheehan and Kevin McConkey have found a very different way of applying hypnosis. In this method, the client is taken to a room where he can isolate the most from the outside world and he is prevented from receiving feedback from the outside world as much as possible. Thus, the subjects have to perceive their inner lives. they are released. These subjects experience states very similar to those in hypnosis. According to this theory, what creates the state of hypnosis is the directing of attention from the outer world to the inner world by giving the five senses the least task, and as a result, the suggestions of the hypnotherapist at that time are accepted as reality because the person is already very far from the realities of the outer world at that time.
It is easy to test how true or false this theory is. If a person can switch to hypnosis when he minimizes the stimuli coming from the five senses, this theory is correct.
The isolation of the clients from the external environment during hypnosis practices facilitates and deepens the hypnotic trance. However, the fact that a person experienced in self-hypnosis can apply self-hypnosis even in Taksim Square shows that this theory is not fully valid.
Behavioral Theories
Behavioral approaches argue that hypnotic phenomena induced by hypnosis can also occur in normal states of people. According to them, people in hypnosis only act as if they are in hypnosis. However, this theory, of course, cannot explain how severe surgeries that can take 4-5 hours can be performed only with hypnoanesthesia without anesthesia. At the same time, this theory cannot explain the Babinski reflex we observe during age regression and the hallucinations that can be suggested to the subjects.
Hemispheric Theory
The left brain is generally responsible for meaningful speech, syntax, writing, reading, arithmetic and rhythm.
Right brain visual, spatial configuration, holistic analysis, It is effective in processing melody, imagination, interpretation and figurative meanings. According to this theory, the left brain is inhibited during hypnosis. According to this theory, resistance to hypnosis is a manifestation of the left brain. This is the theory I feel closest to.
You can find a broader explanation of this theory on the member pages.
Sleep Theories (Pavlov's and Ancient Magnetists' Theory)
According to this theory, hypnosis, like sleep, consists of inhibition of the cerebral cortex.
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