What is the bladder? The bladder, also known as the bladder or urinary bladder, is located in the lower part of the abdomen and is a spherical organ in which urine accumulates. The kidneys use small channels called ureters to remove toxins from the blood after clearing them from the body. Urine comes to the bladder through small channels and is stored here until it is expelled from the body.
What is bladder cancer? bladder cancer occurs when the cells forming the wall of the bladder multiply uncontrollably. These tumors are usually observed on the inner surface of the bladder with the appearance of a fluffy cauliflower. Bladder cancer is of 3 types;
1. Uropithelial carcinoma: It is a type of cancer seen in the cells lining the bladder wall. It is a type of cancer that occurs from epithelial cells.
3. Adenocarcinoma: It is a type of cancer seen in the secreting cells of the bladder. It occurs as a result of abnormal proliferation of cells responsible for the mucus in the bladder wall.
Many bladder cancers are superficial at the time of diagnosis.
75% superficial (limited to bladder mucosa and submucosa)
15%-25% invasive (spread to muscle layer or lymph nodes)
15% metastatic
What are the Causes of Bladder Cancer?
Age
Male Gender (3-4 times more common in men than women)
cigarettes (2-fold increased risk, responsible for 50% of cases in men and 31% of women, depending on the dose smoked)
Some carcinogenic substances in the urine
Exposure to industrial carcinogens
Pelvic radiotherapy
Chronic inflammation of the bladder mucosa (bladder stone, long-term catheter)
What are the subtypes of bladder cancers?
Epithelial tumors 9% 8
Changeable epithelial cell cancer (TCC) 90%
Squamous cell cancer 3-7%
Adenocancer 1%
4-6%
Non-epithelial tumors 2%
What symptoms do bladder cancers give?
Hematuria (85%) is the most common symptom. It can be microscopic or macroscopic.
Male over 60 years old, having clotted, painless bleeding should bring to mind a bladder tumor first
Bladder irritation symptoms (20%): burning in urination, frequent urination, sudden urination, frequent urination at night .
obstructive complaints: swelling and side pain in the kidneys if it has involved the kidney canal, prostate-like complaints if it has involved the prostatic region
If it has metastasized, related complaints: weight loss, anorexia, weakness, anemia and cough .
What is the differential diagnosis of bladder cancer?
Bladder inflammation, prostate enlargement, overactive bladder, kidney tumors, renal duct tumors, bladder and renal duct stones.
How to diagnose breast cancer?
Abdominopelvic Ultrasonography (USG)
Intravenous pyelography (IVP).
Abdominopelvic CT (CT urography): The probability of having a tumor in the upper urinary system at the same time is 1.8%. If the tumor is in trigone, this risk is 7.5%. If it is multiple and recurrence, the risk is high
MR
Cystoscopy: The bladder is entered with a thin lighted instrument in the urinary tract. All parts of the bladder are directly observed. Detailed information about the presence, number and location of the tumor is obtained. Bladder tumors detected during cystoscopy for diagnosis are completely cleared in the same session. For this purpose, the tumorous tissue, including its base and periphery, is cut with an instrument called a resectoscope. is taken.
How is the treatment of bladder cancer?
Treatment of superficial-non-muscular bladder tumor:
Superficial If bladder tumors (Ta, T1, CIS) are not aggressive, if they are single and small, if there is no tumor before, that is, if it is not a recurrent tumor, medication can be applied into the bladder after completely scraping the tumor with TUR-M. However, due to the risk of recurrence of the disease, that is to say Cystoscopy may be required at certain intervals.
Treatment in muscle-invasive bladder tumors:
Radical cystectomy: In tumors that have reached the muscle layer but have not gone further, if the general condition of the patient is suitable for surgery A radical cystectomy is performed, in which the entire bladder is removed (including the bladder, lymph nodes and prostate in men and uterus in women). After the bladder is removed, a new bladder is created from the patient's intestines and the urinary channels (ureters) coming from the kidney are connected to this new sac. This urinary bladder is connected either to the normal external urinary canal (urethra) or to the skin on the side of the abdomen.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy and radiotherapy (radiation therapy) options can be applied to patients who cannot undergo surgery. When bladder cancer spreads to other organs, chemotherapy and, if necessary, radiotherapy can be applied.
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