When SARS emerged from China in 2002, it swept across the world, largely through air travel, causing the deadly disease. With more than 8,000 people sickened and 774 dead, COVID-19 numbers eclipsed within two months. SARS drew the common focus of researchers around the world. The disease disappeared in 2004, probably due to isolation and quarantine containment measures, and no cases of SARS have been reported since then. In 2012, a new coronavirus emerged in the Middle East, causing a disease similar to SARS. Again, NIAID and researchers around the world have launched studies to understand MERS-CoV and how to stop it. Research efforts from these two outbreaks, including the development of a DNA vaccine candidate for SARS by the NIAID Vaccine Research Center, have prepared scientists to rapidly assess the severity and transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2.
Reported diseases For confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), they have ranged from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.
The following symptoms may appear 2-14 days after exposure. *
Fever
Cough
Shortness of breath
Some people experience this May be at risk for being more easily affected by the disease:
Older adults
Heart disease
Diabetes
Lung disease
Clinical presentation
Among reports describing the clinical presentation of patients with confirmed COVID-19, most are limited to hospitalized patients with pneumonia. The incubation period is estimated at 4 days (interquartile range: 2 to 7 days). Some studies have estimated a wider range for the incubation period; For human infection with other coronaviruses (e.g. MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV), data suggest that the incubation period may vary from 2-14 days. Commonly reported signs and symptoms of patients admitted to hospital include fever (77-98%), cough (46-82%), myalgia or fatigue (11-52%), and shortness of breath (3-31%). disease onset. Among 1,099 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, 44% had horses on admission partner was present and developed in 89% during hospitalization. Other less commonly reported respiratory symptoms include sore throat, headache, cough with sputum production, and/or hemoptysis. Some patients have experienced gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and nausea before developing fever and lower respiratory tract signs and symptoms. The course of fever in COVID-19 patients is not fully understood; It may be long lasting and intermittent. A limited number of reports describe the identification of asymptomatic or subclinical infection based on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA or live virus from contact throat swab samples of confirmed patients.
Risk factors for severe disease are not yet clear. , but older patients and those with chronic medical conditions may be at higher risk for serious disease. Among the more than 44,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in China as of February 11, 2020, most occurred among patients aged 30-69 (77.8%) and approximately 19% were seriously or critically ill. Case-fatality rate in cases aged 60 and over: 60-69 years: 3.6%; 70-79 years: 8%; ≥80 years: 14.8%. The overall case fatality rate in patients reporting no underlying medical conditions was 0.9%, but case fatalities were higher in patients with comorbidities: 10.5% for those with cardiovascular disease, 7% for diabetes, and 6% for chronic respiratory disease, hypertension, and cancer. Case fatality for patients who developed respiratory failure, septic shock, or multiple organ dysfunction was 49%.
Limited information on clinical presentation, clinical course, and risk factors for severe COVID-19 in children available. As of February 11, 2020, only 2.1% of confirmed COVID-19 patients in China were <20 years of age, and no deaths were reported among those under 10 years of age. From limited published reports, signs and symptoms among children with COVID-19 may be milder than in adults, with most pediatric patients presenting with fever, cough, congestion, and rhinorrhea, and a report of primarily gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting and diarrhea). Long-term detection of SARS CoV RNA has been reported from respiratory samples (up to days after disease onset) and stool samples (at least 30 days after disease onset). In a 13-month-old patient with COVID-19 in China Serious complications have been reported in acute respiratory distress syndrome and septic shock. Among reported cases of COVID-19, the clinical presentation varies in severity, from asymptomatic infection to mild disease to severe or fatal disease. Some reports suggest the potential for clinical deterioration in the second week of illness. In one report, among patients with confirmed COVID-19 and pneumonia, slightly more than half of the patients developed dyspnea within 8 days of disease onset (range: 5-13 days). Another report reported pneumonia from disease onset The average time from hospitalization to hospitalization was 9 days. Of hospitalized patients, 17-2% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and 10% developed secondary infection. In one report, the average time from symptom onset to ARDS was 8 days. Approximately 20-30% of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia require intensive care for respiratory support. Compared with patients not admitted to the ICU, critically ill patients were older (median age 66 years versus 51 years) and more likely to have underlying comorbid conditions (72% versus 37%). Of critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit, 11–64% received high-flow oxygen therapy and 47–71% received mechanical ventilation; Some hospitalized patients require advanced organ support with endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation (4-42%). A small proportion was also supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO, 3-12%). Other reported complications include heart damage, arrhythmia, septic shock, liver dysfunction, acute kidney injury, and multi-organ failure. Postmortem biopsies in a patient who died of ARDS reported findings of pulmonary diffuse alveolar damage. An overall case fatality rate of 2.3% was reported among confirmed COVID-19 cases in China. However, the vast majority of cases are among inpatients, and so this estimate of mortality is likely pushed upwards. The case fatality rate among hospitalized patients with pneumonia has been reported to be 4-15%. The reported case fatality rate in critically ill COVID-19 patients in China was 49%. In a report from a hospital, % of critically ill patients with COVID-19 61.5 of them died on the 28th day of intensive care hospitalization.
common laboratory abnormalities included leukopenia (9-25%), leukocytosis (24-30%), lymphopenia (63%), and elevated alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels (37%). Of 1,099 COVID-19 patients, 83% had lymphocytopenia; 36% had thrombocytopenia and 34% had leukopenia. Most patients had normal serum procalcitonin levels at presentation. Chest CT images showed bilateral involvement in most patients. Multiple areas of consolidation and ground glass opacity are typical findings reported to date. However, one study assessing the time from symptom onset to baseline CT scan found that 56% of patients presenting within 2 days had normal CT.
SARS-CoV in clinical samples Limited data are available on the detection of -2 RNA and infectious virus. SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been detected from upper and lower respiratory tract samples, and the virus has been isolated from upper respiratory tract samples and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in cell culture. In one case series, SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA levels in the first 3 days after symptom onset were higher in samples collected from the nose than the throat (as indicated by lower turnover threshold values in the nose). A similar duration and pattern of viral RNA detection has been reported in an asymptomatic patient after exposure to a patient with confirmed COVID-19.
SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in blood and stool samples and SARS-CoV-2 virus was isolated in cell culture from the stool of a patient with pneumonia 15 days after symptom onset. The duration of detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the upper and lower respiratory tract and extrapulmonary samples is not yet known. RNA can be detected for weeks, which occurs in some cases of MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV infection. [ 30 – 37 ] Live SARS-CoV has been isolated from respiratory, blood, urine and fecal samples. In contrast, viable MERS-CoV has only been isolated from respiratory tract samples.
The next best thing you can do is try to strengthen your immune system. This is so your body is equipped to fight any virus it comes into contact with.
While scientists at NIH and elsewhere are evaluating candidate treatments and vaccines to treat and prevent the new coronavirus, the There is no treatment or vaccine for COVID-19 approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The best way to prevent infection is to avoid exposure to this virus. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also recommends daily preventative actions to help prevent the spread of this and other respiratory viruses, including:
Wash your hands as much as possible, especially after going to the bathroom. wash with soap and water for at least 20 seconds; before eating; and after blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing.
If soap and water are not readily available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol. Always wash hands with soap and water if hands are visibly dirty.
Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands.
Avoid close contact with people who are sick.
Stay home when you're sick and keep kids out of school when they're sick.
Cover your cough or sneeze with a tissue, then throw the tissue in the trash.
Remove frequently touched objects and surfaces with a normal household cleaning. clean and disinfect with spray or wipe.
l.Take plenty of vitamin C! Vitamin C is an essential nutrient that helps with many different functions of your immune system, including aiding the production and function of virus-fighting white blood cells. And studies have shown that taking vitamin C can reduce the length and severity of colds. And you don't have to eat citrus fruits just to load up on vitamin C. In fact, this nutrient is found in many fruits and vegetables, including spinach, kale, broccoli, cantaloupe, kiwi, strawberries, blueberries, currants, peppers and tomatoes.
2. Increase Your Fiber Intake Having enough fiber in your diet and not too much trans fat, processed foods and artificial sweeteners helps develop a healthy microbiome. In an ideal world, you'd have 10 to 12 servings a day.
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