Prevention aims to change the current behavior towards the target behavior. It prevents further harm, especially to those at the highest levels of addiction. For example, it is a priority for substance abuse treatment and problem gamblers. Providing information and education about problem gambling regarding treatment is seen as essential in tertiary prevention. (Dickson-Gillespie, 2008)29(1), 37-55. In addition, Blaszczynski (2001), tertiary prevention aims to reduce the severity of existing problems and prevent recurrences, to provide rapid access to treatment and counseling services, to receive counseling services after reaching them, and to establish close relationships with treatment service providers, especially for those who self-isolate. Blaszczynski(2001), tertiary programs are defined as therapeutic interventions designed to help identified problem gamblers regain control over their behavior. In the United States, the primary purpose of addiction practices is; It is deprivation. Programs are often located in existing public and private health and addiction treatment facilities. Local, state, or federal governments fund these facilities through revenues from extended loan revenue or apportioned gambling taxes. Funds may be for recurring, fixed-term or one-time projects. The gaming industry can provide additional funding for various institutions. Elli Robson's 'Gambling Decisions', Capital Health in Edmonton, Canada, has published a booklet developed through the Regional Public Health service and is available to develop self-help resources. Additionally, in most cases, industry players establish a relationship with existing healthcare or specialty healthcare providers and refer clients to them when necessary. Tertiary prevention strategies; It aims to increase access and availability of treatment, services and support. Such treatment services could be developed specifically for gambling, or gambling treatment could be incorporated into existing addiction programs. Free, confidential and youth-friendly marketing services can help increase usage of these services. Treatment programs are tailored to each individual's needs and developmental age. is essential (see Derevensky et al., 2001). It is also important to promote telephone helplines. Telephone helplines are confidential, easily accessible, and can be an ideal tool for young people to ask questions, obtain information, and refer them to services. (Carmern Messerlian, March, 2005.) Promoting responsible gambling behavior (e.g., limiting time and expenses, not engaging in illegal behavior), gambling will have the most significant impact on preventing gaming. (Dickson & Derevensky, p.66, 2006).
The SOGS-RA program has been found to be very effective, especially for students who score 1 or close to 1. The aim here is for the person to gain gambling awareness and be able to guide himself with this awareness. He found that it is a very effective program for those who need information the most. (Turner, Macdonald and Somerset, p. 377, 2008)
Current Prevention Programs
“Over the last decade, gambling An increasing number of prevention programs have emerged that attempt to reduce the problem. Of those currently being implemented (although implementation is highly patchy), most developed for youth do not have basic science-based principles. It did not take into account risk and protective factors. Very few are systematically evaluated. Many of these programs can be described as general and/or universal preventive efforts to reduce problem gambling (harm minimization versus abstinence approach). Some programs have clearly defined factors related to the development of problem gambling, but these factors are not always identified as a risk or protective factor, and the scientific validity of these factors has not been proven. Some programs are based on increasing one's understanding of the laws of mathematical probability, while others are focused on debunking the myth that winning at random is an important skill” (Derevensky J, 2011).
Common and Differences Between Programs
Prevention programs designed to reduce the incidence of gambling problems for young people are often related to problem gambling. It aims to raise awareness on the issues. Many of these programs consider gambling as an addiction. conceptualizes and supports the view of harm reduction. Some may try to advocate abstinence until they have the cognitive capacity to set and maintain boundaries, but generally emphasize responsible gambling. The difference between responsible gambling and abstinence likely lies in the specific population targeted. Programs aimed at populations with a high prevalence of gambling and other addiction and/or mental health problems (e.g., First Nations) suggest that prevention programs can promote abstinence over harm reduction by taking a tertiary approach to prevention efforts. Because the aim of the majority of programs available is to raise awareness, provide information about most gambling and problem gambling, discuss motivations for gambling, warning signs and consequences associated with excessive gambling, and detail how and where to get help for an individual. Some curricula go a little further than simply presenting factual information and offering ideas for finding and working with faulty cognitions, encouraging the development of interpersonal skills, developing effective coping strategies, providing techniques and strategies for improving self-confidence, and resisting peer pressure. Including some of the current programs place more emphasis on the mathematical/probabilistic aspects of gambling. Others highlight issues related to false cognitions and thoughts (Derevensky J, 2011).
Avoidance and Harm Reduction Behaviors
Youth When considering gambling prevention programs for gambling, it can be conceptualized according to two general categories in terms of genetic approach; those that emphasize abstinence or harm minimization (sometimes called harm reduction). These two categories are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Prevention programs for each of these approaches are based on different goals and processes. Moreover, deprivation is predicted to never be prevented. Because it is reported that young people largely earn money in one or more activities. The issue of whether abstinence is a realistic goal with reported gambling among peers remains. If If one were to advocate the abstinence approach, is it realistic to expect youth to abstain? Because in abstinence, it is expected not to gamble within 12 months. It would be unrealistic to expect young people, especially, to stop gambling completely. Because it is very difficult to prevent access to organized gambling events. They play among themselves, for example, card betting, sports betting, betting on personal games of skill, etc. Additionally, there are frequent reports of receiving lottery scratch-off tickets as gifts. (Derevensky, 2004).
Harm Reduction Programs
Universal programs aim to reduce adolescents' inappropriate attitudes towards risky behaviors,
It aims to change, increase flexible thinking and positive decision-making, and educate youth about the short- and long-term risks associated with a particular behavior. Most youth gambling prevention programs promote a harm minimization framework and emphasize “responsible gambling.” The truth is that age at gambling is an important factor associated with problem gambling, and this factor is universally accepted (the earlier one starts gambling, the greater the problem gambling). Therefore, the first goal is to delay the age of onset. Most existing gambling prevention programs designed for youth typically include: (1) providing information about gambling; (2) educate participants about false cognitions, probability, and events; (3) teaching the “illusion of control” myth regarding random events; (4) addressing issues of independence of events; (5) to include warning signs of problem gambling; and (6) to provide resources to assist individuals who have or are at risk for problem gambling. A more comprehensive prevention curriculum aims to promote the development of interpersonal skills, develop effective coping strategies, provide techniques to improve self-esteem, and offer ideas for resisting peer pressure (Derevensky
2019). Harm reduction strategies (i.e., policies, programs, interventions) attempt to help individuals without first requiring abstinence (Riley,1999, pp. 53-54)
Such Those involved in a helping approach need to have secondary prevention strategies based on the assumption that individuals cannot be prevented from engaging in certain risky behaviors (Riley,1999, pp. 32-55). Additionally, tertiary prevention strategies are also important here. Derevensky (2001); 'The harm reduction approach seems a reasonable alternative. This does not mean that we are advocating underage gambling. On the contrary, we argue that making an abstinence approach is pressured and has a negative impact on the ease of accessibility of gambling. Within the scope of the harm reduction approach, the priority objectives are to encourage responsible behavior, inform young people about the facts and risks related to gambling, change misconceptions, misperceptions and beliefs, and develop the skills necessary to maintain control while gambling. If these skills are recognized as useful for young people and encouraged and reinforced in this approach, they are likely to be less vulnerable to the risks of a gambling problem, even if forms of gambling are legally accessible.' Such universal harm reduction prevention programs are inappropriate for risky behaviour. It aims to change attitudes, increase positive decision-making, educate youth about both short- and long-term risks associated with overuse, and facilitate their understanding of tolerance. The basic premise underlying such an approach is to increase the individual's awareness and knowledge of risky activities. Once they have developed adequate decision-making skills, they should then avoid substances (e.g., alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs) and/or their use should be carefully monitored. (Derevensky J, 2011)
The harm reduction prevention programme, particularly the work done by SAMSHA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration), has taken it to the next level in terms of both the risk prevention framework and the promotion of protective factors. Masten, Best, and Garmezy noted that protective factors may help mediate or buffer the effects of individual vulnerabilities or environmental adversity, such that the adaptation trajectory is more positive than not having protective factors at work. (Derevensky J, 201
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