Developmental Characteristics:
Newborn: The behavior of the newborn baby is very limited. Although the baby has a high learning potential from the moment he is born, what he can do is less than what he has learned. He takes great interest in his environment, tries to understand it, and reacts to bright moving objects, sounds and human faces. Therefore, it is important to be with the baby and help him perceive his environment. It is sensitive to touch and relocation. The newborn automatically reacts to stimuli. When the soles are touched, the baby automatically pulls his feet towards his chest (Babinski reflex) or automatically clenches his fingers when the palms are touched. One of the most important reflexes of the newborn is the Moro reflex. Moro reflex is a symmetrical posture that occurs immediately in response to a certain stimulus. In this response, the baby throws his arms to the side, stretches his fingers, and then folds his hands and arms in the middle. The Moro reflex occurs when the mother suddenly gently releases the hand supporting the baby's head. This reaction occurs in stages 3-4. It disappears from month to month. The newborn cannot lift his head. He cannot turn or sit while lying down. After a few weeks he starts making some. Recognizes bright objects within the visual field. He can easily see toys and objects brought close to him. A 2-week-old baby changes eye movements to see objects on the surface. From birth, the baby's pupils are sensitive to light. Can close eyes in front of bright light. It opens its eyes when held upright. He can look at the same light with both eyes. He is especially interested in the human face. Starting from about the 3rd week, he examines his mother's face with increasing attention while feeding or talking to her. He also enjoys brightly colored moving images that hang, shake and make noise. If the object is moved above the child's line of sight, he/she follows it within a limited area with head and eye movements. Perceptual acuity in the newborn's hearing field is better than seeing. Can easily perceive sounds. Can recognize the sounds of some objects. He turns his head towards the direction of the sound. Research shows that a one-week-old baby can distinguish the mother's voice from other female voices and prefers it to other voices. or put it. The first social behavior seen at the beginning of life is babies' attachment to their mothers. The baby's social skills are limited. He tries to get attention by crying when he needs it. Even when the newborn is crying and whining, he/she has done some of the necessary exercises for speaking. The baby has the opportunity to repeat the lip, jaw and tongue movements necessary to produce sounds while crying.
1 - 3 months: Turns his head to the side while lying on his back. Sudden movements and posture changes are seen in the arms and legs. Arms are more active than legs. When it is read to the cheek or the corner of the mouth, it turns its head to the same side and tries to suck. When standing on a hard surface, it plants its feet on the ground, straightens its body and generally makes a forward walking movement. Turns his head and eyes towards the light source. Among the visual stimuli, the most common is looking at the human face, and within the face, the eyes. A 2-month-old baby learns to focus his gaze. He gets startled by a sudden sound or noise. He cries when he is hungry, restless or uncomfortable. It makes sounds when spoken. He turns his head to familiar voices. Towards 5-6 weeks, social smiling and vocal expressions in the form of reactions begin to develop. During the first 2 months, the baby develops similar reactions without discrimination to everyone in his field of vision or anyone who holds him. He is sensitive to sounds, pays attention to faces, and shows interest. Towards the end of the first month, the baby puts his hand to his mouth and sucks his thumb. Mouth responses are fused with hand responses. A behavior that the baby achieves by chance is seen in stages 1-4. It is seen to recur continuously from month to month. He watches moving shapes with his eyes. Holds his head upright when picked up. Lifts his head while lying face down. While sitting on the lap, he turns his head and looks around. When he is picked up, he becomes quiet and calm. When the breast approaches, it opens its mouth. He watches his hands while lying on his back. He responds when you smile.
3 - 6 months: Prefers to lie on his back, keeping his head in the middle. Arms and legs bend more easily, movements are more regular. By the 3rd month, the baby is no longer concerned with where the object is, but with what it is. object tries to recognize. When the baby is 3 months old, he can distinguish his mother's face from other faces. He is intensely interested in the face of the person near him. It monitors adult movements within its field of vision. He can hold the rattle given to him for a few minutes and bring it closer to his face. While in the prone position, he can raise his head to a 90° angle. It makes sounds other than crying on its own or when feeding. Laughs loudly without being tickled or touched. Reaches for things. He picks up the items and looks at them. He brings the object in his hand to his mouth. He passes the rattle from one hand to the other. He keeps the toy within his reach. He takes the cubes placed in front of him. He shows his love by hugging his parents.
6 - 9 months: In the 6th month, the baby tries to make different attention-grabbing sounds. When he hears someone coming, he gets excited and starts lifting his arms up to go to the lap. He knows his own name. Lifts head from pillow in supine position. He lifts his legs and puts them in a vertical position. He grasps his feet with his hands. Sits with support. Can roll from prone to supine and from supine to prone. He pulls himself up and sits. Makes walking movements when held under the arms. He tries to take things that are put in front of him. He holds the glass with both hands. Passes the object from one hand to the other. He pulls his hood off. Picks up objects by grasping them. Watches with meaningful interest what the adult is doing in the room. A 6-month-old baby can identify which sound belongs to which face. Spreads smiles while playing. He shouts when he is angry or bored. He puts everything in his mouth. He throws the toys on the ground and watches them fall. He bends down and searches for fallen items. He hits the object in his hand on the ground to make sound. He spells things like “da-da, ba-ba, ma-ma”.
9 – 12 months: In the 9th month, the baby knows his own name. Understands the word “no”. He shows affection by pressing his face and head against his parents. He gets angry when his toy is taken away from him. Can sit without support for 10-15 minutes. Labors. He reaches out to take the toy offered to him. He pushes and shows the objects with his index finger. He shouts to get attention. Meet strangers It clearly distinguishes between people. He grasps the glass with his hand. He tries to hold the spoon while being fed. Can follow some simple instructions (such as ver). Can imitate animal sounds. The 9-month-old baby starts looking for the hidden object. When the toy in front of him is hidden with a cover, he finds the toy by pulling the cover. He hits the two toys in his hand together. When "atta" is said, he looks at the door. He plays the clapping game. 10.-11. During these months, he says the word "daddy" when he sees his father, and "mama" when he sees food. When he says "Give it to me", he extends the toy in his hand. Sorts by holding on to objects. Takes steps when held with one hand. It shakes when music plays. He waves hands.
12 months: Great improvements are seen in understanding, comprehension and communication skills. Says two or three meaningful words. He understands more than he can say. It can show you where things are. Knows the names of body parts. Can grasp small objects using thumb and index finger. Can use index finger to push and point. Can place some objects inside or on top of others. Can point to objects he recognizes from the book. 1 year old baby can walk. Can move from lying to sitting position. He starts to show interest in the pictures. Returns immediately when called. Starting from the age of 1, the child learns to throw appropriate shapes into gaps and build towers. He holds the spoon but cannot use it on his own yet. While dressing, he helps the dresser by extending his arm and foot.
* Parental Attitudes:
The child needs the presence of the adult, his care and feeding, and, just as importantly, his love, in order to survive in the first months. hears. If this care and love is not enough, it will be extremely difficult for him to survive. Meeting the care and love needs of the baby, whose movement opportunities and living space are extremely limited, with sensitivity affects his development positively.
The first 6 months are a period when the child is sensitive to the needs of his own body, and the adults who help him meet these needs. It is also a period in which commitment develops. This commitment also forms the source of the child's sense of trust, the foundations of which are laid especially in these early years. Mommy with baby Eye contact plays an important role in the development of social bond between them. If the child cannot develop a positive relationship, preferably with the mother or another adult who can replace him in his absence, in the first weeks and months following birth, he will later have difficulty in becoming a confident and reliable adult who can easily establish relationships with other people in society. If the mother acts in a way to support this behavior of the child from the first days when he manages to put the spoon in his mouth, and if she can encourage the baby to eat on his own with another spoon while feeding, she will support him in laying the foundation of correct eating habits in the future, as well as in developing self-confidence and initiative skills.
Parents' behavior when meeting the child's needs is extremely important as they are examples that form the behavioral model in the future. The mother's tone of voice, the way she holds the child, and her punctuality in meeting its needs affect the child's perspective on this foreign world he has just arrived at. If his mother embraces him affectionately, says sweet words to him while breastfeeding him, caresses his head affectionately, takes precautions to comfort him as soon as he gets wet, while his father's soft voice says something that he is sure is nice, the child smiles at them and looks around with confidence. On the contrary, if the mother considers feeding the child as a difficult task and holds him harshly and behaves with a strict attitude, or if the father shouts something to indicate that he is disturbed by his crying, it is not possible for the child to look at the world with confidence.
At first, everything was dependent on the mother. As the baby grows older, it is expected that he will show the power to control his own life. For this to happen, the child undoubtedly needs a rich stimulating environment.
Audible stimulation provided on-site after birth strengthens emotional, social and language development. The basics of language, which is an important method of establishing a relationship with another person, are learned through early experiences. Children can vocalize well as long as their parents talk to them. When sounds are used in response to a certain concept, they sometimes have the same meaning for the speaker and the hearer and become a word that everyone accepts.
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