Speech and language development are the most important elements of communication and social life. A person expresses himself and continues his life through communication tools. The child has been in a continuous process of psychosocial and psychomotor development since the day he was first born. Language development also begins from birth. When a child speaks on time, psychosocial development, social relationship development, intelligence and learning capacity must be at normal levels.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE TIME AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH POSITIVELY AND NEGATIVELY
In general, in order for all children to have speech and language development, the nervous system, the pathways between the nervous system and the tongue muscles, and the mouth-palate-lip-teeth structure must be normal from birth.
Any congenital problems or deficiencies or Any disorder that may occur later will negatively affect the child's speech. Diseases that disrupt this normal anatomical structure can develop during pregnancy and after birth.
On average, in the first six months of development, babies first begin to spell (ba ba, da da, etc.), and from the age of one, say words (mom, daddy, mama). , grandfather, etc.), and begins to make sentences starting from 18 months (give food, come, father, etc.).
Children who are far behind these developmental periods need to be evaluated medically. An underlying condition, in addition to the child's communication problem, can negatively affect normal intelligence and social development.
However, some children may have a delay in speech even though there is no problem (anatomical or psychiatric). Familial characteristics are important here; if the child's mother, father or close relatives have a history of delayed speech even though there is no underlying problem, the child's speech delay may also be observed due to genetic proximity.
REASONS CAUSING SPEECH DELAY
Some of the most common factors that cause speech delay and speech retardation in children are as follows:
1- INTELLECTUAL DELAY
One of the most common reasons for speech delay is that the child is mentally behind compared to his/her peers.
2- COMMON DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS SUCH AS AUTISM
Speech delay is caused. leading to front One of the important problems is autistic disorders, which are grouped under the name pervasive developmental disorders. In these cases, the main problem is that the child is closed to social communication. Lack of social communication, indifference to people and peers, limited areas of interest, reaction to change, excessive interest in some toys or objects, frequent observation of various movements such as rocking, turning and clapping are the characteristics of these children. It is very important to detect and treat it at an early age.
3- HEARING DISORDER
In order for children to develop their speaking ability, they need to receive sound stimuli from the outside world, perceive and interpret them. It is necessary to distinguish , and as a result, to produce sounds similar to it. Speech problems occur in children with hearing problems because they do not hear any sounds or receive any stimuli from the outside world. It is necessary to first examine the hearing aspect of children who do not speak or speak late.
4- VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
Although visual impairment does not cause as much of a problem as hearing problems, it is necessary to examine what is happening around the child. This may pose a problem in terms of speech due to the inability to see, recognize objects, and learn their names.
5- FREQUENT SERVICING AND EPILEPSY
He has frequent seizures and epilepsy at a young age. Speech problems may occur in children. Although some children begin to speak normally and even make some sentences, damage to the auditory center or related parts of their brain due to seizures and epileptic seizures can lead to serious effects on speech.
6- LACK OF STIMULUS
Another reason that causes speech problems is that children are left to their own devices too much, thus preventing them from receiving stimulation. Being around people from the moment the child is born, talking to him, loving him, playing games with him will accelerate his speech by receiving the necessary environmental stimulation.
On the other hand, in children who cannot find many people around them, especially those who stay on their own in nursing homes, the family is indifferent and In cases where children are not present, speech development may be delayed.
The above-mentioned question In parallel with this, children who are left to only watch TV (watching clips and commercials for hours) due to limited human relations and lack of interest, especially at a young age, tend to detach from the outside world, keep to themselves, move away from people and interpersonal relationships, give up emotional exchanges, do not talk, do not look when called. Situations like this may occur. Accordingly, children's speech does not develop or may regress after development.
7- VARIOUS DISEASES
In addition, many diseases such as regulation disorders, chronic depression, childhood psychoses. Speech problems may occur in diseases affecting the central nervous system.
THINGS THAT CAN BE DONE TO ACCELERATE SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Some of the things that can be done to accelerate and support speech and language development. These are:
- Taking care of the child and making him/her feel loved.
- Responding to the child's physical needs in an appropriate and timely manner.
- Talking frequently to the child, telling stories, Singing lullabies and nursery rhymes.
- Children play age-appropriate games.
- Spending quality time with the child.
- Ensuring the child has a balanced and varied diet.
- Ensuring that the child plays games with his/her peers as much as possible.
- Answering the child's speech and voice messages.
- Providing descriptive information about objects.
- TV before the age of 2 Not letting the child watch the TV for more than 1-2 hours a day, after the age of 2. (in accordance with his age)
- Valuing the child's ideas and listening to what he says.
- Ensuring that the child is frequently in social environments.
- Encouraging and encouraging when he starts talking.
- Spare a certain amount of time daily and talk a lot about the pictures with the child.
- Supporting the child to tell stories and fairy tales in accordance with his/her age.
- When speech difficulties are observed, the child's attention should be paid to the speaking difficulties. not to suffer
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