Sexual dysfunctions are very common problems today. Studies reveal that at least one in three people, regardless of men or women, experiences at least one sexual dysfunction at some point in their lives. While it is seen that the most common sexual dysfunction in women is low sexual desire; It is the most common premature ejaculation in men.
Masters and Johnson divided the physiological response to sexual stimulation in humans into four separate stages. We can explain these four stages as follows;
1. Arousal Phase: This first phase is mainly characterized by the emergence of erotic feelings and thoughts, erection in men, and widespread vasocongestion and myotonia in women. It can occur with any physical or psychological stimulus. The severity of the reaction may increase depending on the duration and intensity of the sexual stimulus.
2. Plateau Phase: This phase is a part or continuation of the arousal phase and is characterized by maintaining effective sexual stimulation and increasing sexual excitement. During this phase, sexual tension gradually increases and continues until the person can reach orgasm.
3. Orgasm Phase:Among all the phases, it is the shortest in terms of duration but the most intense in terms of sexual pleasure. Orgasm occurs in the clitoral area and vagina in women; In men, it becomes concentrated in the penis and prostate.
4. Dissolution Phase: In this last phase, following the plateau phase, the physiological changes that occurred in the previous stages in the genital areas and the whole body disappear in the same order. While women have the potential to be re-aroused and orgasm with the resumption of sexual stimulation during the resolution phase, men necessarily enter a refractory period, the duration of which varies depending on the person and age. It is not possible for men to respond to a sexual stimulus and have an orgasm until the end of this period. Therefore, while men have a uniform sexual response cycle, women's may vary.
Since the 1970s, sexual functions consist of these stages and sexual dysfunctions are a collection of different syndromes corresponding to each stage that occur with the disruption of these stages. It is accepted. The only exception is These are sexual dysfunctions that cause pain during sexual intercourse, such as vaginismus and dyspareunia.
Sexual dysfunctions have both physical and psychological causes. Many times, psychological and organic reasons play a role together in the emergence of the problem. In addition, there are many psychosocial and cultural factors that play a role. These may be innate characteristics, or they may be acquired characteristics such as upbringing conditions, the attitude of the family, the subculture's view of sexuality, and psychological traumas experienced.
The formation of sexual dysfunctions is generally the result of a complex and multifaceted interaction. We can say that there are preparatory, initiating and sustaining factors in the formation of these problems. Predisposing factors; predisposes an individual to develop any sexual dysfunction; Factors such as inadequate sexual education, sexual myths, growing up in a conservative environment, lifestyle, personality traits, traumatic sexual experiences, and insecurity in the psychosexual role. Initiating factors include psychological or organic factors that play a role in the emergence of a sexual dysfunction. These may be physical diseases, psychiatric disorders, side effects of medications, exaggerated performance expectations, relationship problems, and aging. Regardless of the reason why sexual dysfunction started, the introduction of perpetuating factors causes the problem to become chronic. In addition to the most common performance anxiety, feelings of guilt and sinfulness related to sexuality, negative expectations and problems with the partner may cause this problem to persist.
If we look at how theories approach sexual dysfunctions; Freud addressed this issue according to ego psychology. Sexual pleasure, which is an experience of human bonding and interconnectedness, is nourished by the unconscious and the lower self (id) that works according to the pleasure principle. This desire of the id is perceived by the ego as a strain, a danger, and the person tries to get rid of this anxiety through sexual inhibition rather than falling into this anxious state. In other words, the sexual inhibition experienced by the person becomes a defense mechanism that saves him from anxiety. In addition, Freud believes that the superego is the "forbidden, shameful, He states that inhibitions such as "sin" are another important factor in the formation of this anxiety.
According to the results of a 30-year study examining the relationship between child attachment styles and relationships established in adulthood, men who reported having cold and distant relationships with their fathers It has been revealed that they change partners more frequently and have a higher tendency to have promiscuous sexual intercourse in the following 30 years compared to other men in safe and warm relationships.
We can summarize the etiology of sexual dysfunctions in this way. These problems cannot be solved. We can say that there are no problems, and the first thing to do is to determine whether there is an organic cause for the problem. The most important step to take from now on will be to start the therapy process with a therapist who is sufficiently trained and equipped in this regard.
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