ABSTRACT
In this study, the frequency of substance use in children and adolescents diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Impulsivity was investigated. It has been observed that the age rate of this disorder generally starts from birth in children and adolescents and increases during puberty when hormones and mood are taken into account. Considering the main themes of the studies, it is observed that most of the daily lives of impulsive children are affected, except for substance use, and this increases with substance use. In studies, there is a hypothesis between the frequency of substance use in children diagnosed with impulsivity and children who do not. In this formation of the hypotheses, problems occur in school and family life with the full expression of daily dysfunctions in adolescence children with and without substance use. Since it is a review article, the sources, journals, books and quotations mentioned in the bibliography were used.
Keywords: Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity, Child, Adolescent, Impulsivity, Substance Use
In this review study, the frequency of substance use in children and adolescents diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Impulsivity was investigated. It has been observed that the age rate of this disorder generally starts from birth in children and adolescents and increases during puberty when hormones and mood are taken into accounts. Considering the main themes of the studies, it is observed that most of the daily lives of impulsive children are affected, except for substance use, and this increases with substance use. In studies, there is a hypothesis between the frequency of substance use in children diagnosed with impulsivity and children who do not. In this formation of the hypotheses, problems occur in school and family life in full expression of daily dysfunctions in adolescence children with and without substance use. Since it is a compilation article, sources, journals, books and quotations mentioned in the bibliography were used to collect the data.
Key words: Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity, Child, Adolescent, Impulsivity, Substance Use
INTRODUCTION
It is defined as a disorder that responds suddenly and impulsively to internal and external stimuli without considering the consequences of others. This is especially common in adolescents. It has also been observed that the long-term consequences of the action given to the stimulants are not taken into account for the moment. However, there are some details that we should be aware of when explaining the concept in general. Impulsivity encompasses a variety of behaviors that are overly risky or inappropriate, unplanned, immature, and often lead to undesirable consequences. Impulsivity is manifested by features such as inattention, impatience, excitement seeking, pleasure seeking, risk taking, calculating less likely to be harmed, and extraversion. Impulsivity is also one of the core symptoms of many psychiatric disorders (Hollander and Evers, 2001:949-950). Impulsivity; It can be explained as a personality trait that provides integration with other external factors that have the potential to affect a person's life in every aspect.
Although it is a necessary factor for the survival of human beings, the inability to prevent an impulse that may harm the individual and those around him is a clinical disorder frequently seen by specialists. (Yazıcı & Ertekin, 2010).
Freud, on the other hand, is the stimulus that is located at the point where the impulse coincides with the spiritual and the body, and unlike the stimulus that comes from outside, the inner body is a constantly flowing sleep. expressed as a source. It is described as the expression of the inner and at the same time its external reflection (Freud, 1923).
We survive with our impulses and learn to manage them. However, in individuals with this disorder, fear and doubt are replaced by adrenaline. They think about their own pleasure and ignore the dangers. With substance use, the person's pleasure center is saturated and relaxation comes. Substance use affects self-control mechanisms in impulsive people and hinders the freedom of movement of the person. The substance use problem is biological, and it creates a personal, mental and hereditary structure. Impulsive behaviors are discussed in three dimensions. The first of these is not to use the existing information without considering the consequences of the behaviors. Latter; It is not giving up the small reward that will give pleasure at the moment instead of the big reward to be obtained at the end. Finally, the third; It is the inability to suppress behaviors that are established and included in behavioral patterns. When these three dimensions are evaluated together, it can be said that impulsivity hinders the ability to evaluate the situation and respond flexibly to the pursuit of a certain goal in changing environmental conditions (Torregrossa et al., 2008:254). When we look at the literature, there are many studies between impulsivity and substance use. Most studies have found a relationship between impulsivity and substance use. The main causes may be childhood life histories or biological. In addition to being a multidimensional concept, impulsivity is the main component of many neurological and psychiatric diseases. (Horn et al., 2003).
Impulse Control Disorder In DSM5-TR, many different episodes have been mentioned, such as harming property or life, because of the inability to resist serious aggressive impulses. The aggression expressed in these behaviors is disproportionate to the psychosocial effects. These mood episodes are not explained by another personality disorder or are not due to the physiological influence of a general medical condition.
Impulse Control Disorders Not Elsewhere Classified
in DSM-IV-TR “impulse Control Disorders Not Elsewhere Classified” They are grouped under the heading ü control disorders. According to DSM-IV-TR, the disorders listed here are; intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania, pyromania, pathological gambling, and trichotillomania. Disorders other than these disorders showing impulsivity were combined under the heading of "impulse control disorders not otherwise specified". Characteristics of people with these disorders are:
1. They are unable to resist the urge or urge to perform certain actions that are harmful to themselves or others. They may be planned or unplanned in taking action.
3. A sense of satisfaction and relief comes from doing the action. They may or may not feel guilt or remorse after the action.
Intensive increase in impulsive behaviors, concussion, deterioration of mental structure and damage to inhibitory control functionality occur as a result. This situation is similar to the term disinhibition, which is also used in neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience. Although some positive aspects of impulsivity are emphasized, there is a tendency towards violence and crime, etc., especially for the individual in adolescence. It constitutes a dysfunctional basis for behaviors that are deemed inappropriate by various societies, such as Verdejo et al., 2008.
Impulsive aggressions; Verbal or physical aggression to oneself or another person, intentionally or unplanned. Impulsivity is a predisposition. So being impulsive is called a behavior pattern rather than a single act. They are quick and unplanned movements that are consciously made without the opportunity to weigh the consequences of the action. Considering this feature, it distinguishes impulsivity from compulsive behaviors and impaired judgment, which are the behaviors that occur by planning. Despite these cognitions, there is still no clear and comprehensive explanation of impulsivity and the boundaries between the 'normal and the disease' dimension are not clear-cut. Poke Being hand in hand or exhibiting these behaviors can first be noticed in childhood. Being impulsive or impulsive is organic. The prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex are involved in the control of suppression, decision making and response selection processes. The orbitofrontal cortex plays a major role in guiding behavior based on available knowledge about the consequences of one's actions. Therefore, impulsivity is frequently observed in people with frontal lobe damage. The main neurotransmitters involved in impulsivity are serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, glutamate, and GABA. In particular, it has been stated that the decrease in brain serotonin levels reduces the suppression of behavior. (Özdemir et al., 2012: 293-314) It is emphasized that certain innate characteristics interact with serotonin and dopamine and are important factors in determining the level of impulsivity (Robins, 2005). This is reinforced in the face of some behaviors learned in the family with congenital control disorder. Attitudes of parents play an important role in impulsive children and adolescents. Although the concept of friends first comes to mind when we say environment for children, the people who make up the closest environment are family members. The parent is the first person with whom the child interacts and socializes during the developmental period. When we look at the personality structure of the child, the attitudes and value judgments of the parents are seen. It is clearly demonstrated that parents have an undeniable importance in the development and change of children and adolescents (Fisher & Rush, 2008).
Moeller et al. (2001) used three methods for assessing impulsivity:
1. Behavioral Laboratory Measurements
2. Self-Report Tests
3. Event-related Potentials
A Study of Impulsive Control Disorder and Adolescents
Öner et al. (2012) studied among high school students studying in Turkey and with young people aged 13-18. In this research, 6,294 schools and 3,028,092 students affiliated to the Ministry of National Education (MEB) were selected by the Turkish Statistical Institute. A special questionnaire was developed for the data collection tool. erge
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