Ketogenic diets are very low-carb diets containing 20-50 g of carbohydrates per day. In this diet, foods containing high carbohydrates (cereal products, fruit, legumes, milk and dairy products excluding cheese, vegetables with high starch content, sugar, etc.) are limited. Fats (olive, oil and fat, avocado, coconut, etc.) and protein sources (meat, poultry, fish, eggs, cheese, etc.) that do not contain carbohydrates or contain very low amounts are mainly consumed.
Ketogenic diets are those that mimic the metabolic state of hunger by inducing a physiological increase in the 2 main circulating ketone bodies, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate
These diets are:
- Not necessarily weight loss or micronutrient limitations high-fat, adequate protein (approximately 1.5 g/kg body weight) and low-carbohydrate (lt; 50
g/day) dietary levels, - Slightly elevated cortisol levels and increased fatty acid oxidation;
- Together these adaptations increase the concentrations of ketone acetoacetate and D-b-hydroxybutyrate< br /> promotes hepatic ketogenesis by increasing
Preclinical and some clinical trials show that the ketogenic diet can improve metabolic abnormalities, reduce inflammation
, limit tumor growth, and stimulate healthy cells with chemotherapy and chemotherapy.
With a diet that limits carbohydrate intake, glucose availability is limited, which prevents the formation of pyruvate and its subsequent conversion to lactate to produce ATP. Lipid and ketone bodies become the predominant source of energy
and require the cell to use the mitochondria
which can be dysfunctional in cancer cells as mentioned above. Ketogenic diets can promote protection against metabolic health through multiple mechanisms including:
- (i) lowering insulin levels;
- (ii) a sustained mild reduction in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. increasing mitochondrial substrate oxidation leading to an increase and a hormetic anti-oxidative adaptation;
- (iii) specific anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate
(similar to butyrate, differing only by one hydroxyl group)
However, little is known about whether a ketogenic diet can promote a healthy microbiome and gut metabolome
.
The ketogenic diet results in weight loss as well as reductions in insulin resistance and inflammation It emerges as an attractive option to counteract obesity-associated tumor-promoting factors. The ketogenic diet may also deprive cancer cells of glucose, a fuel source predominantly used by many cancer lines through aerobic glycolysis in the unregulated mitochondrial environment.
However, the ketogenic diet has potential risks. Initially, some gastrointestinal disturbances may be noted, particularly due to the diet's high fat
content, but many studies have noted that these
diets are well tolerated thereafter. The composition of these diets may also raise concerns about the development of micronutrient and
vitamin deficiencies and the need for supplementation. Hayashi et al. noted that the 6-month ketogenic diet resulted in decreases in trace minerals, including selenium, zinc, and copper. Kidney stones have also been reported, particularly in children starting a ketogenic diet for refractory epilepsy. He noted that he had developed the stone. In addition, it has been noted that the ketogenic diet causes a decrease in bone mineral density in children, but it may be due to the developing skeleton
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