Psychopathology is the branch of science that investigates mental illness and abnormal/maladaptive behaviors and their causes and consequences. This term is called the disease process of pathology in classical psychiatry. In other words, psychopathology is the branch of science that negatively affects a person's daily life and routine, causing dysfunction at home, at work, in the circle of friends, and in social life.
Some topics covered by psychopathology are somatization, anxiety, obsession, depression, psychotic, paronoid. , and is phobic. In this section, prevention programs on the above issues will be discussed.
Schizophrenia is among the top 10 diseases that contribute significantly to the global burden of diseases and is more likely to be seen in men and women in the past years with disability. It has been determined that women are more common than men. . The chronic nature of schizophrenia and the lack of effective treatment means that its contribution to disability is greater and the total disease duration is longer in those diagnosed early.
Among various prevention programs, prevention studies for high-risk groups for disability have come to the fore. . Prevention studies for high-risk groups have focused on some of the early findings and uncontrolled symptoms of schizophrenia. The general prevention approach takes into account a large target group in society at large. Since the rate of schizophrenia in society is very low, a general prevention approach is not considered appropriate.
Prevention of schizophrenia may occur at different stages of the disease process; According to the classification of the Medical Board Institute for the Prevention of Mental Disorders, preventive intervention is carried out before the onset of the disease symptoms, after the emergence of possible symptoms, and before the patient is diagnosed, with the aim of diagnosis and intervention as soon as possible.
Preventive intervention of schizophrenia before psychosis. Determining the period is the basis of the concept of prevention.
In chronic psychotic disorders, information about the development of physical deformity due to the disease is limited. Movement disorders may develop in schizophrenia and similar psychotic disorders, regardless of the side effects of the treatments applied. Movement that occurs as a direct symptom of the disease Their disabilities include mostly hypokinetic movements. Constantly remaining in the same body posture as a hypokinetic movement causes physical posture disorders. Depression is a very common brain disorder today. Depressive Disorder affects the person's thoughts and feelings, social adaptation, and healthy thinking. Symptoms such as hopelessness and depression have an important place in depression and the development of psychopathology. One of the mental disorders that involves hopelessness is depression. Apart from these symptoms, the person may experience depression, feelings of guilt, worthlessness, and hopelessness about the future. It has been determined that depression is more common in people with low self-confidence. As self-blame increases, the depressive person's self-confidence decreases, he thinks that he will not be successful in achieving his goals, and his sense of failure increases. While explaining depression, Abramson and Seligman (1978) developed the Learned Helplessness theory, and according to this theory, the formation of depression is explained as the problems that occurred in childhood and the inability to cope with these problems, helplessness. Bibring (1953) explained the psychopathology of depression according to the concept of ego, according to which a person has hopes that he tries to realize in order to be self-confident and valuable. As a result of the conflicts that arise when these expectations cannot be met, the person becomes hopeless, loses self-confidence, withdraws into himself, and becomes depressed. Most studies conducted with depression have concluded that the feeling of hopelessness and the risk of suicide are high. When dealing with depression, it is considered as false learning and named as psychopathology. Studies conducted to prevent depression; By developing a supportive approach and empathy, it makes the person feel confidence and hope. Self-confidence increases and communication improves. In a study conducted in England, cognitive behavior problem-solving therapy had a reducing effect on depression. Likewise, it was influential in the study focused on social problem solving conducted by Sakinofski and his friends. Beck (1979) developed the theory of cognitive impairment and conducted studies on pessimism and hopelessness. As a result of the research, cognitive therapy can be used to treat depression and hopelessness, reducing the risk of suicide. It has been determined as a method to prevent obsession.
Obsession is a repetitive thought, impulse or thought that occurs involuntarily and enters the field of consciousness in a persistent and compelling way, is seen by the person as absurd and irrational, and causes anxiety. are also defined as phantasies. The initial phase of obsessive-compulsive disorder usually occurs in the 20s. OCD manifests itself earlier in men than in women and is twice as common. The starting age is generally determined as 19 for men and 22 for women. The most common obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder are contamination obsessions. Other obsessions are listed as pathological doubts, somatic, symmetry, aggressive, sexual, religious.
Looking at the studies on OCD;
Akpınar (2007) aims to determine the frequency of OCD in adolescence. In the study conducted for this purpose, the average age of onset was found to be 12.9 years. No difference was found between schools in terms of the frequency of OCD encounters. A similar amount of OCD was found in girls and boys.
Abay, Pulular, Memiş, Süt (2010) conducted a study to investigate the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder among high school students in Edirne city center; They found the point prevalence of OCD to be 1.4%. The most common ones were contamination obsession and control compulsion.
Erek, in his study on 44 people diagnosed with OCD, stated that OCD may be hereditary, and Bayraktar pointed out that OCD is most common in the 20s. .
It has been observed that cognitive behavioral therapy and medications are effective on OCD when used alone or in combination. CBT for obsessive-compulsive patients includes three treatment methods: relaxation training, cognitive therapy, confrontation and response prevention. The most effective of these are confrontation and response prevention. This method is mostly adapted to children. Cognitive therapy has an impact on the quality of life by increasing the level of awareness in OCD patients. In addition, another form of treatment for OCD is behavioral therapy, where the aim is not to suppress the problem but to teach the individual how to cope.
Anxiety is the person's problem. It is a state of arousal that manifests itself through physical, emotional and mental changes experienced when faced with a stimulus. Mostly everyone experiences this situation, for example; Such as after an accident, before an exam, or during a public speech. If anxiety constantly and significantly affects or disrupts your life, it means that it has become a disorder.
When looking at anxiety prevention programs, the most common one we encounter is the Serikanlı Kids Anxiety Program - School Version. (SCCP) is an anxiety program based on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) theory developed mostly for children. The person who developed the program is Ron Rapee. Animation in the program is a method of presenting the development and outcome of a past and future event by reflecting it in the same way. Gradual exposure techniques, on the other hand, help break automatic and reinforced responses. A lot of practice needs to be done in the therapy environment. Assertiveness skills can be helpful in learning troubleshooting techniques in a child's communications. Behavioral and cognitive techniques are also used. The treatment practices of cognitive therapy are structured in terms of process and content. It primarily focuses on the person's current problems, is more limited in duration, and is more focused on problem solving. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy not only solves applicants' current problems, but also teaches them specific skills that they can use to solve problems throughout their lives. These skills include identifying distorted thoughts, changing beliefs, establishing new relationships with the environment, and changing behavior. Exam anxiety can be reduced by using these techniques. Serikanlı Children's Anxiety Program - School Version technique is carried out once a week, consisting of a total of 10 sessions, lasting 70-90 minutes. While the first eight sessions use techniques directly addressing anxiety, the last two sessions focus on reinforcement and review. Generally, two meetings are held with the parents, the first of which is held before the 3rd session and the second before the 5th session.
Some training programs are helpful, guiding and supportive trainings in coping with anxiety. These are;
Enterprise training, so It is a method used in social environments and situations where emotional expression is difficult. It is aimed for the child/adolescent to express his/her feelings directly, honestly and appropriately.
In relaxation education, it is assumed that children/adolescents who experience mood and anxiety symptoms often experience tension, stress and physical symptoms throughout most of their lives. The most frequently used techniques are breathing exercises and relaxation exercises.
Usually, the eyes are closed and attention is focused on breathing and exhalation. The child/adolescent is asked to breathe naturally through his/her nose.
The child/adolescent is taught how to apply coping, coping and problem-solving skills in life. When the resources on the treatment of social anxiety in children and adolescents are examined, it is seen that most of the studies are behavioral based. or cognitive-behavioral therapies.
The majority of cognitive-behavioral programs carried out in clinics or school settings are aimed at children and children who do not have symptoms severe enough to be diagnosed with social anxiety but show symptoms such as shyness, social isolation and loneliness. These are coping and prevention studies applied to adolescents. It is known that these studies are generally planned in the school environment and in the form of group treatment.
Social phobia is an important behavioral disorder that prevents the individual from many social environments in his life, reduces his living standards, and prevents him from establishing interpersonal relationships. The individual with social phobia stays away from social places that cause him or her a lot of anxiety, or is exposed to intense anxiety and distress in situations where he or she cannot get away. Although social phobia is a mental disorder with a high frequency of occurrence throughout life and the number of behavioral disorders that continue with it is high, the number of etiological studies aimed at determining the source of this disorder is quite low. Studies on the etiology of social phobia will be mentioned and these studies will be examined under the following main subheadings: (1) Hereditary factors (2) Research on behavioral inhibition (3) Familial factors (4) Explanations based on attachment theory (5) Understanding emotions and cognitive explanations. How to prevent phobia?
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