The oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract of vertebrates are colonized by a large number of microorganisms, often referred to as the microbiota. Microbes colonize mammalian hosts soon after birth. The intestinal microbiota is a dynamic and symbiotic ecosystem in constant interaction with the host immune system and metabolism. Although this overall profile remains stable, the gut microbiota shows both temporal and spatial variations in distribution at the genus level and beyond. As it passes distally from the esophagus to the rectum, there will be a marked difference in diversity and bacterial count, ranging from 101 per gram content in the esophagus and stomach to 1012 per gram content in the colon and distal gut. (dysbiosis), which can affect human health and disease. Although microbes colonize the neonatal gut soon after birth, microbial colonization continues to develop and species richness varies until a typical adult-like gut microbiota is formed at 2-3 years of age. Various factors play a role in shaping the normal gut microbiota. These are:
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Gestational age and mode of delivery (vaginal or cesarean section);
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Infancy (breast milk or formula) and adulthood diet (vegan or meat-based); and
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Use of antibiotics or antibiotic-like molecules derived from the environment or the gut common community.
Probiotics And Its Necessity Properties
Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts.” , however, most probiotic preparations will also potentially contain large numbers of dead and injured microorganisms, especially at the end of their shelf life (Salminen et al., 2021). However, a certain level of living bacteria can affect local intestinal metabolisms, physiology and ecology.
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Must stick to the intestine and colonize
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Should be resistant to bile acids and acidity
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Must be reliable
Some Studies on Probiotics
A study in this area is "healthy" reviewed the available literature on the health effects of probiotic consumption in adults. 45 studies were included in this review. The results suggest that probiotic supplementation in healthy adults can lead to temporary improvement in the intestinal microbiota concentration of supplement-specific bacteria. Evidence also supports the role of probiotics in improving immune system responses, stool consistency, bowel movement and vaginal lactobacillus concentration. There is insufficient evidence to support the role of probiotics in improving the blood lipid profile. Probiotic consumption may improve immune, gastrointestinal, and female reproductive health systems in healthy adults. However, this review failed to support the ability of probiotics to cause permanent changes in the gut microbiota. Therefore, a double-blind, single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled study (RCT) was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of co-administration of probiotics with omega-3 versus placebo in type 2 diabetic patients with NAFLD. A total of 48 patients met the inclusion criteria. Co-administration of a live very aqueous probiotic mixture with omega-3 fatty acids once daily for 8 weeks to patients with NAFLD can reduce liver fat, improve serum lipids, metabolic profile, and reduce chronic systemic inflammatory status. Another study evaluating the effects of probiotics in proven or presumed acute infectious diarrhea included 82 studies with a total of 12,127 participants. These studies included 11,526 children (<18 years of age) and 412 adults (three studies included 189 adults and children, but the No serious side effects were attributed to the probiotics. There was no difference in the number of people with diarrhea lasting ≥14 days between the probiotic and control groups, or in the risk of hospitalization in population studies. controlled research was included. Participants of both sexes with mild to severe eczema from the first year of life to age 55 (only six studies evaluating adults) were included. Evidence suggests that, compared with no probiotics, currently available probiotic strains likely make little or no difference in improving patient-rated eczema symptoms. Therefore, the use of probiotics in the treatment of eczema is currently not evidence-based.
Another study was conducted to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation on movement and metabolic parameters in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). The study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in 60 people with PD. Individuals were randomly divided into two groups to receive either 8 x 109 CFU/day of probiotics or placebo (n = 30 in each group) for 12 weeks. Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) was recorded before and after the intervention. In conclusion, 12 weeks of probiotic consumption by Parkinson's patients proved to have beneficial effects on MDS-UPDRS and several metabolic profiles.
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