We see two main areas in speech disorders: receptive language skills and expressive language skills
. One of the most basic human needs
is the need to communicate and connect with other people. When this
fails, many psychological problems arise. We express many complex issues in life
verbally. We convey needs, desires and
emotions through language. Here, there is a motor activity and a cognitive
process.
When we look at the problems accompanying speech disorders, it is seen that situations such as anxiety, fear,
phobia, social phobia, withdrawal and depression are common
/> we see. Anger, low self-perception, regression in social skills
and social adaptation problems are common.
Stuttering is the most common speech disorder in society.
Forty-five million people around the world experience stuttering.
There are startles, pauses, extensions, bursts and repetitions in speech sounds, syllable words or
sentences with the anxiety of stuttering again. Prolongation of sounds, exclamations,
breaking up of words, audible or silent blocks,
saying words with excessive tension, or repetitions of monosyllabic words are common
Someone who stutters what they want to say Involuntary
repetition, interruption or disruption of the rhythm of the voice is observed despite knowing the sound. It usually occurs between the ages of two
and five years, and rarely in adolescence. Sometimes, it can occur suddenly after
traumatic events. It has a higher rate of
in those who have stuttering in their family. The incidence rate in men is
higher than in women. Women's power of expression is higher than men.
People who have stuttering problems accompany speech with some bodily
movements. The main ones are; looking away, eyes
squinting, squinting or blinking, pursing lips, pushing tongue, anxious
fearful look, muscle tension head tilting back, body
turning, bending, unnatural hand finger movements arm leg
is mobile. person's attention If ti focuses on speaking, the amount of stuttering
increases. Stuttering has not been found in primitive tribes. Frustration, embarrassment, fear of words, aggression, indecision, anxiety, anger, and
low self-esteem. It can cause stuttering or is likely to occur after strokes, after uncontrollable bleeding, after some head trauma
or after brain injuries. This
condition is called acquired stuttering.
When there is no pressure to communicate, when there is no pressure to communicate
stuttering is reduced. There is no stuttering when counting, singing, talking to animals
. They usually speak fluently
while imitating.
It is more common in children of families with high expectations on order, cleanliness, discipline and discipline, and who have a strict approach to their children.
Frequent violence. practice and frightening behaviors increase the risk rate in this
direction in children. Sometimes this can be temporary if the child's distorted and confused
speech is ignored. But when the parents try to make an effort to correct
the situation by forcing and oppressing the proper
speech, they focus the child's attention on the speech
and the stuttering increases and settles. Anxiety and
pressure may develop and cause this situation to continue.
Over time, people begin to avoid situations where they should talk.
They only make friends with those who accept them, and take care not to be outside of familiar environments
They try to escape
from authority figures, avoid talking on the phone, and experience social isolation.
It is very important not to pressurize and not to rush
during the language development period of children. In this case, parents act impatiently or compare
with other children and ask or even force them to talk as soon as possible. They compare their own children with children who speak early
and speak fluently, and in some cases they compete with them.
Because of anticipatory anxiety in the autonomic nervous system in stuttering, both the pathological nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system are activated at the same time
. According to the psychoanalytic approach, stuttering is seen as an unconscious pleasure. Unresolved oral erotic
in infancy is seen as an act of satisfying needs.
Those who stutter speak faster and fluently
when they are angry.
In the treatment phase, versatile techniques are applied. Psychotherapeutic
approaches, suggestion, attention shifting, behavioral treatments, drug treatments
tranquilizing drugs, Ioma Treatment - relocating stuttering. Girls
have a higher recovery rate.
Conditions such as emotional problems, health problems, hearing loss and mental retardation should be questioned in those who stutter.
Cleft palate and lip and speech problems are seen in some brain disabilities such as aphasia dysatri ataxia
and in some dyslexia conditions
.
In articulation disorders; There are organic or non-organic causes
. There are errors
in the production of sounds, time, direction, speed, or pressure. It occurs in operated on half palate or lip problems, breathing
control problems and some nerve damage
.
Lowering or skipping voice, adding voice, changing voice,
cases of sound distortion are seen.
In delayed speech; Lack of adequate stimulation, emotional problems,
hearing problems, neglect, insufficiency in vocabulary.
SELECTIVE MUTISM: These people talk at home, but not outside
at school. Anxiety-related traumas can be found. It is sometimes seen as a symptom of social
phobia. It is a selective speech
disorder. Elimination of anxiety or
treatment of the traumatic situation, if any, and raising the self-perception
together with the treatment of the phobia is important in the treatment phase.
Slips of the tongue also occupy a place in the class of speech disorders.
It is common in society and often smiles. tan tongue
slips are seen.
Our brain presents our thoughts expressed through language as two separate messages
. The first message is forward-looking, the second is reverse-closed, and it is fed by unconscious processes. Freud likens this to the symbolic
expression in dreams. These slips have symbolic meanings
. Here, the semantic error appears as a sound error or a semantic and sound error
. It is a situation that a person actually believes in his mind, but keeps
. A transformation mechanism is at work
that he desires but that he is not even aware of.
The person does not expect anything from the meeting, and when he says I am opening the meeting, he slips his tongue because he is closing it. When he says he is trying to tell people something he doesn't believe in
, he slips because we are deceiving people
instead of telling people. Someone who believes that he/she is making an unfair profit may stumble because we
we are stealing instead of winning.
When we look at Selen's faults, we can see hoarseness, muffled
speech situations, weakness in speech, trembling of voice
/> making thin and sharp sounds together is seen during speech.
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