Smoking
Research has shown a number of connections between smoking and chronic spine pain. Some studies report that smokers may be more prone to developing back pain than nonsmokers.
Some researchers believe that in long-term smokers, the intervertebral discs become malnourished due to vascular and hematological changes. Researchers note that the vertebrae and vertebral disc normally have a limited blood supply and cannot compensate for the reduction in blood flow that occurs in chronic smokers.
Obesity
Some Studies have shown that obesity increases the risk of developing back pain. In outcomes-focused studies in spine surgery – obesity (defined as being over 50% of ideal body weight) – obesity appears to be the single “medical” risk factor that most significantly contributes to the scientific prediction of outcomes in these studies. Obesity is considered a stronger determinant than the chronicity of back pain, the number of previous surgeries or the type of surgery performed.
Physical exercise
Those who exercised before losing weight It has been observed that it gives better results in people - generally in patients with chronic pain. There is also evidence that regular physical exercise can greatly improve the outcome of spine surgery.
Alcohol use
Some individuals use alcohol to cope with their ongoing stress and relieve pain. , as a substitute mechanism for treatments to relieve sleep loss and anxiety. However, this can reduce the body's capacity to heal, exacerbate sleep disturbances, and increase anxiety and depression.
Perception of Health
Research shows that individuals have better health when compared to their peers. have shown that negative self-perception of health greatly increases the development of back pain in both men and women. Higher, more persistent and more disturbing pain complaints were observed more frequently in individuals with negative health perceptions. . Therefore, we can assume that improving health habits and the individual's perception of their health status is a valid and constructive coping strategy.
Stress
Stress is a factor that can affect wound healing. It has been found to affect immune and neuro-endocrine function. Immune function plays a critical role in the early stages of tissue damage repair. Surgical patients who are under chronic stress delay wound healing and increase the risk of infection. These findings are associated with the development of chronic pain in surgical patients, but it is also particularly important to avoid stress for patients undergoing cancer treatment. Studies have confirmed that patients who manage their stress situation well both recover in a shorter time and have increased compliance with treatment.
Anxiety (Clinical Anxiety) and Depression (clinical depression)
It is known that anxiety and depression increase the risk of developing chronic pain. It can also make healing from chronic pain more difficult. Anxiety increases the perception of pain, which can lead to focusing on pain and avoiding pain-related activities. Depression pushes individuals to speak negatively to themselves, and when any obstacle arises, it causes them to perceive it as if it were permanent. Depression can also inhibit problem-solving skills and cause a decrease in hope and joy of life. This may reduce adherence to the treatment of chronic diseases, and in some cases, even refusal of treatment may be observed.
The meaning of Trauma and Pain
After car accidents or work accidents Chronic pain that occurs may be perceived as a reminder of the event and trigger emotional reactions. Events from an individual's past may resurface and contribute to the person's painful experiences. Research recognizes how private an individual is about previous injury as predictive of later coping.
Pain Management
How people cope with life's challenges and vary significantly in their ability to adapt. Many people have inadequate resources to cope with the effects of their chronic pain. Because They focus on finding a cure for their pain. Unfortunately, there is no single strategy or technique to heal all pain. Pain Management is not about being pain-free or getting rid of pain completely as you think. This means learning to cope and function despite the pain. Psychological factors play an important role in enhancing or hindering an individual's ability to manage pain effectively.
Assessment
Considering the context in which individuals' pain and life history develop. For effective support, a full assessment is required to tailor personalized treatment. Psychological assessment scales are used to determine current pain levels, level of physical functioning, anxiety/depression, and other psychological difficulties. A treatment plan can then be designed. Liaising with other supportive people involved in the person's management is essential to ensure a good outcome. Along with the individual's relatives, their doctors, pain specialists, physiotherapists, rehabilitation providers and surgeons may also be included in this support mechanism.
Solution
Pain management, following the evaluation. It is adapted to the individual and a plan is made together with the client. The remedial plan may include:
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Psycho-education - identifying chronic pain understanding and active management needs.
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Nervous system and pain Reinvigorating the connection between the system. The importance of coping with emotional issues and losses and adjusting to life with chronic pain.
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Regulation of lifestyle factors - incentives to address and change relevant issues e.g. smoking, weight, exercise, alcohol.
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Relaxation exercise training - this aims to reduce muscle tension and help improve sleep, anxiety and pain.
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Supporting coping with negative talk, beliefs and attitudes that contribute to anxiety, mood and pain through evidence-based approaches such as Cognitive Behavioral, Solution Focused and Mindfulness therapies. Addressing these includes hope, resistance, constructive coping, and It is aimed to increase your quality of life.
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