PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT CHILDHOOD PERIOD
Prenatal Embryo:0-8 weeks - Fetus: 9 weeks-birth Postnatal
Newborn:0-1 month -Infant:1-12 month-Player child:1-3 years old
Pre-school:4-5 years old-School child:girl;6-10 years old, boy;6-12 years old-Adolescent: girl;10-16 years old, male; 12-18 years old
ASSESSMENT OF GROWTH
Body weight and weight gain rate
5-10% weight in the first few days loss
Reaching birth weight in 7-10 days
2 times birth weight in 4-5 months
3 times birth weight in 1 year
4 times birth weight at age 2
Average weight: 3.5 kg at birth
10 kg at age 1
20 kg at age 5
30 kg at 10 years old
Daily weight gain: 20-30 g/day in the first 3-4 months, 15-20 g/day for the rest of the year
Average annual weight gain: 2 years and approximately 2.5 kg/year between puberty (there may be jumps and periods of no change)
2. Height length and height growth rate
Average height: 50 cm at birth, 75 cm at age 1
90 cm at age 3
Average 100 cm at age 4 (average height at birth). twice)
Average annual length increase: 4-7.5 cm between the ages of 4 and puberty
3. Head circumference and rate of increase in head circumference
Average WC: 35 cm at birth
Increase in WC: 1cm/month in the first year (2 cm/month for the first 3 months, then slower), 10 cm for the rest of life
4. Ratios of body parts to each other: head-pubis/pubis-foot ratio; 1.7 in newborn, 1.0 at 10 years old, below 1 after puberty
DEVELOPMENT-0MATURATION
Development of teeth: first teeth 5 -10 months (lower central incisors), milk teeth are completed around the age of 3.
Permanent teeth begin to appear at the age of 5-7 (1st molar) and around the age of 25. It is completed in . During teething, some children may experience a dry cough, sleep disturbance, moodiness, fever, and diarrhea for a few days. The age of teething is individual.
Genetic characteristics and thyroid hormone are among the factors affecting tooth development. If teething has not occurred by the age of 16 months, it is considered delayed, and this condition is usually familial or idiopathic.
Bone development: It is important in calculating the chronological age, calculating the height the child will reach in adulthood, and evaluating growth-development disorders.
Neuromotor development: Nerve-muscle control follows a certain order. This order is from the head and neck to the feet, from the center to the ends.
Development of sense organs
Vision: The newborn can notice a bright object, full vision (20/20) It develops at the age of 5-6.
Smell, taste, touch: In the newborn, the sense of smell is not good, the sense of taste is developed, 3. Saliva secretion increases from 6 months onwards, the sense of touch is not fully developed except for the lips and tongue in the first 5 months.
Hearing: 1/500
Feces-urine: 18-3 years
NEUROMOTOR - PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT LEVEL AT DIFFERENT AGES
PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
Freud emphasizes the importance of experiences in the early childhood years in terms of personality development. According to this theory, in order to ensure normal development, the basic needs of the individual must be satisfied in every period of development. If basic needs are not met, personality development is prevented
According to Freud, sexual life begins following birth. Freud's psychoanalytic theory divided psychosexual development into five basic periods, each of which is characterized by a new socialization problem.
1-ORAL PERIOD
This period covers the infancy period between the ages of 0-1. . When children suck and bite They get satisfaction from suckling stimulation.
According to Freud, early weaning of the child by the mother or the adult who replaces the mother or, on the contrary, breastfeeding for too long causes the child to become addicted to this period. The need for sucking continues in later life. . For example, students biting their nails when they are angry and tense is an indicator of the situation that Freud defines as oral addiction.
According to Freud, excessive breastfeeding or weaning of the baby by the mother at this stage will result in the baby being stuck in the oral stage. Therefore, oral pleasure behavior is generalized to other experiences in the future and the personality acquires an oral character. People with an oral character have a tense, dependent and complex emotional structure.
2-ANAL PERIOD
The anal period, which is the second developmental period, covers the ages of 1-3. Children. They get satisfaction from anal muscle exercises while defecating or holding their feces.
The child learns to control himself and the environment during this period. Parents or caregivers who are angry, intolerant and provide toilet training through punishment cause the child to remain dependent on this period. (The mother's attitude during this period and her own feelings regarding the defecation process significantly affect the character traits the child will have in the future.
Some children who become aware of this situation at later ages may show abnormal behavior and use various objects.
3-PHALLIC PERIOD
This period covers the ages of 3-6. During this period, children realize that they enjoy their genital organs. They openly show more affection to the parent of the opposite sex.
In this period of development, sexual and aggressive feelings regarding the functions of the sexual organs gain importance. �r.It is determined by the formation of sexual feelings towards the parent of a different sex and hostile feelings towards the parent of the same sex.
According to psychoanalysts, the child has a unique sexual life, but this is very different from that of adults. The child learns his gender at the beginning of this stage.
When he is 3-4 years old, the child asks how he was born. At this time, the right way to answer should be chosen instead of evasive answers. If this is not done, these problems may turn into a form of confusion in the child and continue.
After the age of 4-6 and beyond, the child feels a kind of satisfaction by playing with his genitals.
4- LATENT PERIOD.
The period between the ages of 6-12 is called the latent period. Children's sexual urges are covered, they spend their energy to gain cultural skills (play, friends outside the home).
This school age, which is constantly active, If the child's efforts are opposed, the child believes that what he does is worthless and feels inferior.
On the contrary, if he is made to feel that his goals are valuable and supported, the child succeeds in doing his job perfectly and acquires skills. Between the ages of 6 and 9, the child makes preparations for the puberty period subconsciously.
During this stagnation period, the child's sexual life is a collection of emotions and tendencies that are unlike those of adults.
5-GENITAL PERIOD
Starts after age 12. Internal and sexual urges increase with rapid physical development and puberty. Teachers and families can help solve the problems of the adolescent by recognizing his interests and needs, developmental characteristics, and treating him with understanding and respect.
If Freud brought new methods and views to psychology. It is not considered sufficient by psychologists who value objective psychology. B. However, these views are used in solving psychological problems.
During adolescence and later on, sexual energy accumulates in the sexual organs. In adulthood, some sexual problems of the person emerge along with the first steps. For this reason, importance should be given to the child's normal transition through these steps.
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Erik Erikson defined eight psychosocial development periods by expanding Freud's theory from adolescence to old age. He believes that there are critical periods in development. According to Erikson, there are eight critical periods in a person's life. In each period, there is a crisis or conflict that must be overcome.
These periods must be overcome successfully in order for people to gain a healthy personality. If the crisis in a period cannot be fully resolved, this crisis will continue in the later periods of the individual's life, creating problems until it is resolved.
Phase 1: INSECURITY VERSUS TRUST
It lasts from birth to one year of age. During this period, babies acquire basic feelings about whether they can trust the world around them.
In the first year of life, the satisfaction of the child's needs largely depends on the mother or the adult who replaces her. In other words, the mother or the adult who takes her place. The quality of the relationship established with the adult who replaces him/her constitutes the essence of the basic sense of trust and socialization.
The foundations of optimism and happiness are laid in the child.
Phase 2: TO INDEPENDENCE. SHAME AND SKepticism AGAINST 1-3 years of age. During this period, most children can walk and talk enough to communicate with others. Children no longer want to be completely dependent on others. The child who has gained the basic sense of trust in the previous period, without losing his self-esteem. In order for the child to gain control over himself, he needs to feel freedom.
He should be encouraged to eat on his own, collect his belongings, dress and undress, choose his clothes, and try to solve some problems he encounters. Thus, the foundations of the child's sense of independence are laid. Self-control. The essence of respect and respect is formed in this period.
Stage 3: FEELING GUILTY AGAINST ENTREPRENEURIAL
It is between the ages of 3-6. The child's motor and language development, his It allows the child to explore his physical and social environment more and to be more assertive.
Both parents and teachers in pre-school education institutions should allow the child to run, jump and play so that the child can develop a sense of initiative.
A feeling of guilt develops in the child who is frequently scolded and hindered due to his natural curiosity.
Stage 4: THE FEELING OF INFILITY IN RESPONSE TO SUCCESS
It is between the ages of 6-12. According to Erikson, in the first of the personality development periods, the individual has the belief that "I am what I am given", in the second, "I am what I do", in the third, "I am the person who will be what I dream of" and in the fourth, "I am what I learn".
In this period, the child believes. As he goes to school, his social world expands greatly. While the influence of friends and teachers on the child increases, the influence of parents gradually decreases.
In this period, children try to use the tools that adults use; they strive to produce something. When children's efforts are supported, their behavior of working and being successful develops. p>
Otherwise, children who are constantly criticized for what they do, who are not supported and disliked, may develop a feeling of inferiority by believing that what they do is worthless.
Stage 5: ROLE MIXED VERSUS IDENTITY ACQUISITION. CHASSIS
It covers the ages of 12-18. The adolescent is in search of identity during this period. While trying to cope with the rapid physical and physiological change, he also has to make new decisions about his future education and career.
The adolescent is in search of identity. Peer groups have a great influence on the child. According to Erikson, if the adolescent successfully solves the problem of gaining identity in this period, he will become a self-confident and confident person.
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